Biology Chapters 27-31
Pg 545
• Botany – study of plants
• Cereals – grains, ex: rice, wheat, corn, oats
• Roots – beets, carrots, turnips, potatoes
- low in amino acids???
• Legumes – peas, beans, peanuts, protein,
bacteria fix nitrogen in soil (pg 373, 415)
• Fruits – from a flower; nuts are dry, hard fruits
• Vegetables – from leaves, stems, roots
Quiz Your Brain
• Do you think plants are the same now as they
were 100’s of years ago?
• As the human population continues to grow
what do you think will happen to our food
sources?
• What processes do you think helps farmers
with mass production of our fresh fruits?
• Fertilizers – extra nutrients for
plants, chemical or natural (organic,
manure, compost)
• Pesticides – kills bugs
on plants, chemical or
natural (hot spices)
• Herbicides – weed killer,
chemical or natural
(ground cover: plant
that grows over an area
of ground, used to
provide protection from
erosion and drought as
well as helping to
prevent unwanted
vegetation.
Nonfood Uses Pg. 548-550
• Medicine: Bark of a
White Willow used to
make Acetylsalicylic
Acid (Aspirin)
• Clothing: Tanning
animal hides to make
leather. Tannin from
Oak trees.
Addictive Plants Pg. 556
• Coca Plant
• Tobacco
Quiz Your Brain
• List three ways that
some plants can cause
harm to people.
• List three nonfood,
nonmedicinal uses of
plants.
Types of Plants
Chapter 28 Pg 564
• NONVASCULAR
Phylum Bryophytes – mosses
1. nonvascular plants
2. no tubes for water or food
3. absorbs water from ground
4. lives in damp, low areas
5. pioneer species
6. creates soil
7. no true roots, stems, leaves
• VASCULAR – tubes (xylem for water,
phloem for sugar)
1. With spores instead of
seeds – ex: ferns Pg 580
2. With seeds
A. Gymnosperms – cones
male & female Pg 611 & 581
B. Angiosperms – flowers
1. monocot
2. dicot
handouts, Pg 576, 613,
594
Angiosperm or Gymnosperm
Quiz Your Brain
• Plants can be classified into 2 categories which
are….
• Plants that produce cones are classified as……
• Plants that produce flowers are classified as…
• What special tissue helps transport water and
nutrients to all the parts of the plant?
Flower Power Activity
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Color corresponding flower parts:
Purple – Petals (# 1, 2, and 3)
Yellow – Stamens (# 4 and 5)
Orange – Anthers (# 6 and 7)
Red – Ovules (# 8, 9, and 10)
Lavender – Stigma/Style (#11)
Pink – Ovary (#12)
Green – Sepal/Peduncle (#13)
Chapter 29 Pg 583
Plant Tissues
• Leaf layers – handout, Pg 601
• Types of roots Pg 587
1. Taproot – one main root,
dicots, dandelions
2. Fibrous roots – many little
roots, monocots, grass
Stem growth
Pg 586
• Apical Meristems – grow from top of stem or
root Pg 588, grass grows after mowing,
primary growth, monocots
• Lateral Meristems – grow in diameter,
secondary, dicots
1. Vascular Cambium – makes more tubes
2. Cork Cambium – replaces epidermis w/
dead cork, can’t change size, ruptures as tree
grows & makes bark look rough
• Heartwood – old xylem in center of tree that
doesn’t transport water anymore, dark
• Sapwood – functional xylem wood, light
• Annual Rings – thick springwood, lots of water
- thin summerwood due to less water
- Pg 595
Quiz Your Brain
• Heartwood and Sapwood are an example of
what kind of growth?
• Are all tree rings the same width?
• What is a Dendrochronolgy?
Stem Functions
Pg 596
• Translocation – moving sugar using
pressure
• Transpiration – moving water using:
cohesion – water attracted to water
adhesion – water attracted to
xylem wall
capillarity – thinness of xylem draws
water up like a straw
Quiz Your Brain
• Explain why a plant species might develop
thorny stems in response to its environment.
• Describe how water is transported through
xylem tissue.
Pollination & Seed Dispersal/Structure
Chapter 30 Pg 616-20
• Wind – flat flowers, lots of pollen/seeds
• Animals – colorful, smelly flowers, tasty fruit,
sticky seeds/fruit/burs
• Water – seeds or fruits able to float
• Seed Coat – protection
• Endosperm – nutrients in seed to help
germination (sprouting)
Quiz Your Brain
• How do the flowers of wind-pollinated plants
differ from the flowers of animal-pollinated
plants?
• Lack scents, nectar, and large colorful flowers.
Animal-pollinated plants usually have these.
• Name three common methods of fruit and
seed dispersal.
• Wind, Water, Animals
Chapter 31 Pg 632
Plant Hormones
• Chemical Messengers that affect a plants ability to
respond to its environment.
• Auxins – growth
• Gibberellins–big fruit, grapes Pg 634
• Ethylene – ripening fruit (keep fruit
in bag to ripen faster)
Plant Movement
Pg 636
• Photropism – plant in window moves toward sun
• http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmoti
on/movements/tropism/tropisms.html
• Heliotropism – sunflowers follow sun all day
• Thigmotropism – vines hold on to what it
contacts
• Gravitropism – roots grow towards gravity, stems
grow away from gravity
• Thigmonastic – leaves close on contact
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgNTRaxgVtg
Seasonal Responses
Pg 640
• Photoperiodism – plants that respond to
length of day
short day plants – need more darkness
ex: poinsettia, ragweed (fall allergies),
mums, fall flowers
long day plants – need more light
ex: wheat, summer flowers
Quiz Your Brain
• What adaptive advantages might thigmonastic
movements provide a plant?
• Which hormone is could be called the
“ripening hormone”, and why?
Fall Colors
Pg 642
• Less chlorophyll when less sun.
• Carotenoids visible:
(always there but hidden)
1. xanthophylls – yellow/orange
2. anthocyanins - reds