Historical Perspective on Marine Tenure
A time long ago in an Agency far far away...
Marine Tenure Over Time
1980-90’s Integrated Coastal Management
- governance framework, responsibilities
- designate small-scale fishing areas
- coastal set-backs and small MPAs
1999-2020 Fisheries management,
Biodiversity, GCC/A, Feed the Future $$
1999-2006 MACH
fishing lease rights
2009→ moving into rights-based
fishing & enhanced enforcement
1980’s- 2000 small Marine Protected Areas
- Local stewardship and enforcement
1999-2020 MPA networks and Seascapes
- Multiple-use areas, exclude other uses
Marine Spatial Planning
GCC/Adaptation $$
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Governance …… Place-based …… Ecosystem goods …. Secure economics ….
Early forms of tenure before earmarks: ICRM
• Integrated Coastal Resources Management (ICRM) ~ 1985-2000
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Governance frameworks across levels and sectors
Delineated municipal, provincial, national geographic areas and responsibilities
Set aside municipal use areas for small-scale fishers (exclude industrial)
Empower local communities to establish Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
• USAID worked on ICRM in ~ 10 countries
• Philippines example:
→
Strong emphasis on governance; less on spatial
planning, economics, or managed access
From MPAs to Seascapes to Marine Spatial Planning
• Biodiversity Support Program (1989-2001), strengthened customary
tenure rights in Pacific communities and MPAs
• Global Conservation Program (1998-2009) moved from single MPAs to
seascape planning and management
– Large-scale planning to conserve ecosystem goods and services
– Delineate local government responsibilities, stewardship and uses
• Marine spatial planning with biodiversity and adaptation funds
– Delineate sector uses
→ Greater emphasis on space and economic “uses”
to increase stewardship; less on managing access or “users”
Tenure-based Approaches to Fisheries
• Community lease rights in Bangladesh
• Exclusive use rights to mangroves for TRY Oyster Women
Associations in Gambia
• Community/fishing cooperative use rights in Central America
• Secure fishing areas for small vessels from industrial intrusions
• “Right-sizing” to manage access in the Philippines
→
Tenure linked to geographic area,
strong economic incentives, managed access
Bangladesh Management of Aquatic Ecosystems through
Community Husbandry (MACH) 1999 – 2006
• Established Resource Management Organizations & exclusive use
rights as a form of tenure
– Leasing rights was a key transformational change
• Adopted no-take areas, sustainable fishing practices
→ Restored / improved fisheries productivity in 3 wetlands
• Impacts:
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Increased fish catches in project villages by 140%
Fish consumption by 52%
Average daily household incomes by 33%
Benefitted over 184,000 people directly; 500,000 indirectly