An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Teaching of Abnormal Psychology: Rationale, Advantages, and Challenges James Hansell, Ph.D. University of Michigan Third International Conference on the Teaching of Psychology, Saint Petersburg, Russia, July 14, 2008 Abstract In this presentation, I report on my experiences teaching Abnormal Psychology at the University of Michigan utilizing an interdisciplinary method in which links between the course material and the arts, popular culture, and current events are emphasized. My aim is to enhance student interest in this course and in psychology as a discipline -- to make the course matter to students beyond their interest in a good grade. For each topic presented in lecture and in readings, the scientific literature is presented in the context of political, sociological, and artistic issues or examples of the relevant mental disorders, their causes, and their treatments. Students report that this method of teaching increases the relevance of their Abnormal Psychology course, provides useful connections to other courses in their curriculum, and increases their interest in the field of psychology. Suggested Topics (Lecture or Discussion format) “Song of the Week” (familiar and unfamiliar) Topic X: Why It Matters (relevance items) Disorder X “In the News” (recent news stories) Disorder X “In the Arts” (students love this!) Disorder X: “Current Controversies” Chapter 2 Defining Abnormality: What is Psychopathology? Song of the Week: Green Day’s Basket Case Do you have the time To listen to me whine About nothing and everything all at once I am one of those Melodramatic fools Neurotic to the bone no doubt about it Sometimes I give myself the creeps Sometimes my mind plays tricks on me It all keeps adding up I think I'm cracking up Am I just paranoid Or am I just stoned I went to a shrink To analyze my dreams She says it's lack of sex That's bringing me down I went to a whore He said my life's a bore So quit my whining cause It's bringing her down Sometimes I give myself the creeps Sometimes my mind plays tricks on me It all keeps adding up I think I'm cracking up Am I just paranoid Or am I just stoned Grasping to control So I better hold on Sometimes I give myself the creeps Sometimes my mind plays tricks on me It all keeps adding up I think I'm cracking up Am I just paranoid Or am I just stoned Defining Abnormality – Why it Matters Politics and power Medical treatment Social issues Philosophical and scientific questions Defining Abnormality In the News (politics and power) Russia: Activist Sent To Psychiatric Unit After Exposing Health Facilities By Chloe Arnold MOSCOW, August 2, 2007 (RFE/RL) -- An opposition activist has been locked in a mental-health institution in Murmansk Oblast for criticizing health professionals, her husband and human-rights groups claim. Dmitry Tereshin has hardly slept since July 5, the day his wife, Larisa Arap, telephoned him from the local hospital in Murmansk to say doctors were forcibly admitting her to a psychiatric unit. She had gone to the hospital for a routine check-up she needed to renew her driver's license. "In my opinion, it may have been because of the article, because the doctor had read the article Larissa wrote," Tereshin told RFE/RL. "The article was entitled 'Madhouse,' and it revealed what goes on in psychiatric clinics.“ And More News…. (Medical treatment) Bipolar Illness Soars as a Diagnosis for the Young The New York Times September 4, 2007 by Benedict Carey The number of American children and adolescents treated for bipolar disorder increased 40-fold from 1994 to 2003, researchers report today in the most comprehensive study of the controversial diagnosis. Defining abnormality – Issues and controversies (social and philosophical questions) Thomas Szasz: "Inasmuch as we have words to describe medicine as a healing art, but have none to describe it as a method of social control or political rule, we must first give it a name. I propose that we call it pharmacracy, from the Greek roots pharmakon, for ‘medicine' or ‘drug,' and kratein, for ‘to rule' or ‘to control.' ... As theocracy is rule by God or priests, and democracy is rule by the people or the majority, so pharmacracy is rule by medicine or physicians." --Ceremonial Chemistry: The Ritual Persecution of Drugs, Addicts, and Pushers, by Thomas Szasz, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), p. 139.) Stigma (video) Chapter 3: Explaining and Treating Abnormality What Causes Psychopathology? Dance of the Week http://youtube.com/watch?v=grpcBsgORTM Explaining and Treating Abnormality: Issues and controversies The Economics of Szasz: Preferences, Constraints and Mental Illness Bryan Caplan, Rationality and Society, Vol. 18, No. 3, 333-366 (2006) Even confirmed economic imperialists typically acknowledge that economic theory does not apply to the seriously mentally ill. Building on psychiatrist Thomas Szasz’s philosophy of mind, this article argues that most mental illnesses are best modeled as extreme preferences, not constraining diseases. This perspective sheds light not only on relatively easy cases like personality disorders, but also on the more extreme cases of delusions and hallucinations. Contrary to Szasz’s critics, empirical advances in brain science and behavioral genetics are largely orthogonal to his position. While involuntary psychiatric treatment might still be rationalized as a way to correct intrafamily externalities, it is misleading to think about it as a benefit for the patient. Chapter 4: Classifying Abnormality Diagnosis and Assessment Song (and video) of the Week – Crazy by Gnarls Barkley I remember when I remember, I remember when I lost my mind There was something so pleasant about that phase Even your emotions had an echo And so much space Hmm mmmm And when you're out there Without care Yeah I was out of touch But it wasn't because I didn't know enough I just knew too much Does that make me crazy (x3) Probably http://youtube.com/watch?v=bd2B6SjMh_w and I hope that you are having the time of your life But think twice Thats my only advice Come on now Who do you, who do you, who do you, who do you think you are Ha ha ha! Bless your soul You really think you're in control Well I think you're crazy (x3) Just like me My heros had the heart, to put their lives out on the limb And all I remember, is thinking I want to be like them Hmm mmm Ever since I was little Ever since I was little it looked like fun And its no coincidence I've come And I can die when I'm done But maybe I'm crazy Maybe you're crazy Maybe we're crazy Probably Diagnosis and Assessment in the News Mind Over Manual By SALLY SATEL The New York Times September 13, 2007 “Earlier this summer, the American Psychiatric Association announced that a 27member panel will update its official diagnostic handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The fifth edition, which is scheduled to come out in 2012, is likely to add new mental illnesses and refine some existing ones.” Dr. Satel, continued “In a radical break from earlier editions….the D.S.M. III categorized illnesses based on symptoms. A patient was said to have a condition if he or she had a certain number of the classic symptoms for a certain period of time. This approach promoted “interrater reliability” — the odds that two examiners would agree on what diagnosis to assign a patient.” “Yet the manual remained silent on what caused the symptoms. The diagnosis of, say, schizophrenia did not reflect a known cause in the way syphilis is known to be an infection with a spirochete bacterium. The writers of the D.S.M. III were confident that science would one day fill this vacuum, yet three decades later psychiatry still lacks a firm grasp of the causal underpinnings of mental illness.” Chapter 5 Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders Song of the Week: Stage Fright by The Band – Lyrics by J.R. (Robbie) Robertson Now deep in the heart of a lonely kid Who suffered so much for what he did, They gave this ploughboy his fortune and fame, Since that day he ain't been the same. See the man with the stage fright Just standin' up there to give it all his might. And he got caught in the spotlight, But when we get to the end He wants to start all over again. I've got fire water right on my breath And the doctor warned me I might catch a death. Said, "You can make it in your disguise, Just never show the fear that's in your eyes." See the man with the stage fright, Just standin' up there to give it all his might. He got caught in the spotlight, But when we get to the end He wants to start all over again. Now if he says that he's afraid, Take him at his word. And for the price that the poor boy has paid, He gets to sing just like a bird, oh, ooh ooh ooh. Your brow is sweatin' and your mouth gets dry, Fancy people go driftin' by. The moment of truth is right at hand, Just one more nightmare you can stand. See the man with the stage fright Just standin' up there to give it all his might. And he got caught in the spotlight, But when we get to the end He wants to start all over again You wanna try it once again Please don't make him stop Let him take it from the top, Let him start all over again. Anxiety, in Life and Art The Age of Anxiety? Literature and film Anxiety disorders: News and Controversies Shy on Drugs By CHRISTOPHER LANE The New York Times, September 21, 2007 It may seem baffling, even bizarre, that ordinary shyness could assume the dimension of a mental disease. But if a youngster is reserved, the odds are high that a psychiatrist will diagnose social anxiety disorder and recommend treatment….. Self-help books and magazine articles further widened the definition of social anxiety disorder to include symptoms like test anxiety, aversion to writing on the blackboard and shunning of team sports. These ridiculously loose criteria led to more diagnoses, until social anxiety disorder in children began to look as if it were spreading like the common cold among second graders….. Then, having alerted the masses to their worrisome avoidance of public restrooms, the psychiatrists needed a remedy. Right on cue, GlaxoSmithKline, the maker of Paxil, declared in the late 1990s that its antidepressant could also treat social anxiety and, presumably, self-consciousness in restaurants. Nudged along by a public-awareness campaign (“Imagine Being Allergic to People”) that cost the drug maker more than $92 million in one year alone ($3 million more than Pfizer spent that year promoting Viagra), social anxiety quickly became the third most diagnosed mental illness in the nation, behind only depression and alcoholism. Chapter 6 Mood and the Mood Disorders (formerly Affective disorders) Song of the Week: Depression by Jimi Hendrix Manic depression is touching my soul I know what I want but I just dont know How to, go about gettin it Feeling sweet feeling, Drops from my fingers, fingers Manic depression is catchin my soul Woman so weary, the sweet cause in vain You make love, you break love Its all the same When its, when its over, mama Music, sweet music I wish I could caress, caress, caress Manic depression is a frustrating mess Well, I think Ill go turn myself off, And go on down All the way down Really aint no use in me hanging around In your kinda scene Music, sweet music I wish I could caress, caress, caress Manic depression is a frustrating mess Manic Mood Disorders in the News Antidepressants Now No. 1 Drug Prescribed For Women 18-44 Studies NBC 4.com, DC - Nov 15, 2007 are showing that for every 100 American women, 37 have been prescribed an antidepressant, which is now the No. 1 drug prescribed to women ages 18 to 44 Mood Disorders in Art and Life “If they had Prozac in the 19th century…..” Marx Nietzsche Poe Chapter 7 Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders Song of the Week: Once In a Lifetime by The Talking Heads And you And you And you And you And you may find yourself living in a shotgun shack may find yourself in another part of the world may find yourself behind the wheel of a large automobile may find yourself in a beautiful house, with a beautiful Wife may ask yourself-well...how did I get here? Letting the days go by/let the water hold me down Letting the days go by/water flowing underground Into the blue again/after the moneys gone Once in a lifetime/water flowing underground. And you And you And you And you may ask yourself may ask yourself may tell yourself may tell yourself How do I work this? Where is that large automobile? This is not my beautiful house! This is not my beautiful wife! Letting the days go by/let the water hold me down…. Same as it ever was...same as it ever was...same as it ever was... Water dissolving...and water removing There is water at the bottom of the ocean Carry the water at the bottom of the ocean Remove the water at the bottom of the ocean! Letting the days go by/let the water hold me down…. And you And you And you And you may ask yourself may ask yourself may ask yourself may tell yourself What is that beautiful house? Where does that highway go? Am I right? ...am I wrong? My god!...what have I done? Letting the days go by/let the water hold me down….. Same as it ever was...same as it ever was...same as it ever was... Dissociation in the News I'm Not Really Running, I'm Not Really Running... By Gina Kolata The New York Times December 6, 2007 “…Without realizing what I was doing, I dissociated a few months ago, in the middle of a long, fast bike ride. I’d become so tired that I could not hold the pace going up hills. Then I hit upon a method — I focused only on the seat of the rider in front of me and did not look at the hill or what was to come. And I concentrated on my cadence, counting pedal strokes, thinking of nothing else. It worked. Now I know why. Dr. Morgan, who has worked with hundreds of subelite marathon runners, said every one had a dissociation strategy. One wrote letters in his mind to everyone he knew. Another stared at his shadow. But, Dr. Morgan asked him, what if the sun is in front of you? Then, the man said, he focused on someone else’s shadow. But what if the sun goes behind a cloud, Dr. Morgan asked? “Then it’s tough,” the runner conceded. Dissociation clearly works, Dr. Morgan said, but athletes who use it also take a chance on serious injury if they trick themselves into ignoring excruciating pain. There is, of course, a fine line between too much pain and too little for maximum performance.” Dissociation in Life and Art Rene Magritte “The Lovers” (1928) The “zone” Matt Dillon in Gus Van Sant’s Drugstore Cowboy All illustrate the Importance of context Dissociation in Life and Art In this paper we examine how aspects of dissociation permeate the film-going experience. Specifically: (1) that the act of watching a film may viewed as a voluntary engagement in a positive dissociative experience; (2) that film directors and cinematographers use cinematic devices to convey and dramatize the peri- and post-traumatic dissociative experiences of their characters, and the force of these techniques may issue from the film-viewer's personal knowledge of normative dissociation; and (3) that representations of dissociative conditions and symptoms in film allow filmmakers to examine universal existential experiences and themes along with contemporary psychosocio-cultural issues, while exploiting the plot-expanding possibilities that inhere in the topics of memory, identity, and multiplicity. We propose that this innate or intuitive understanding may reflect the pervasive nonpathological presence, integration, and use of dissociative processes in everyday life. BUTLER & PALESH (2004). Spellbound: Dissociation in the Movies Journal of trauma and dissociation. Vol. 5, no 2 pp. 61-87 Chapter 8 Eating, Weight, and the Eating Disorders Song of the Week Silverchair - Ana's Song (Open Fire) Please die Ana For as long as you're here we're not You make the sound of laughter and sharpened nails seem softer And I need you now somehow And I need you now somehow Open fire on the needs designed On my knees for you Open fire on my knees desires What I need from you Imagine pageant In my head the flesh seems thicker Sandpaper tears corrode the filth And I need you now somehow And I need you now somehow Open fire on the needs designed On my knees for you Open fire on my knees desires What I need from you And you're my obsession I love you to the bones And Ana wrecks your life Like an Anorexia life Open fire on the needs designed On my knees for you Open fire on my knees desires What I need from you Open fire on the needs designed Open fire on my knees desires On my knees for you Eating Disorders in Life and Art Eating Disorders in the News: Surfing for Thinness: A Pilot Study of Pro– Eating Disorder Web Site Usage in Adolescents With Eating Disorders OBJECTIVE. This pilot study investigated the awareness and usage of pro–eating disorder Web sites among adolescents with eating disorders and their parents and explored associations with health and quality of life. PATIENTS AND METHODS. This was a cross-sectional study of 698 families of patients (aged 10–22 years) diagnosed with an eating disorder at Stanford between 1997 and 2004. Survey content included questions about disease severity, health outcomes, Web site usage, and parental knowledge of eating disorder Web site usage. RESULTS. Surveys were returned by 182 individuals: 76 patients and 106 parents. Parents frequently (52.8%) were aware of pro–eating disorder sites, but an equal number did not know whether their child visited these sites, and only 27.6% had discussed them with their child. Most (62.5%) parents, however, did not know about pro-recovery sites. Forty-one percent of patients visited pro-recovery sites, 35.5% visited pro–eating disorder sites, 25.0% visited both, and 48.7% visited neither. While visiting pro–eating disorder sites, 96.0% reported learning new weight loss or purging techniques. However, 46.4% of pro-recovery site visitors also learned new techniques. Pro–eating disorder site users did not differ from nonusers in health outcomes but reported spending less time on school or schoolwork and had a longer duration of illness. Users of both pro–eating disorder and pro-recovery sites were hospitalized more than users of neither site. Jenny L. Wilson, BAa, Rebecka Peebles, MDa, Kristina K. Hardy, PhDb and Iris F. Litt, MDa,c PEDIATRICS Vol. 118 No. 6 December 2006, pp. e1635-e1643 Chapter 9 Drug Use and the Substance Related Disorders Song of the Week Paper Thin by John Hiatt I was gonna get up off that bar stool Just as soon as I could figure it out Why I was overlooked at the car pool Stood up at the dance with no twist and shout When you're burnin' with your last desire And every memory haunts you You write it down in alcohol fire 'Cause that's the only flame that wants you CHORUS: When you're paper thin Yeah, read all about it When you were out of luck, well, luck was doin' alright Now you're paper thin Yeah, they can see right through ya You just cut you're little finger on the edge of the night Now do I really have to be responsible For what I did between those tavern walls I was just mixing up some chemicals You could've heard a pin drop, could have heard time crawl And every once in a while You could hear you're own heart pound Maybe some paper doll with a pasted on smile Would let you write her number down Substance Related Disorders in the News Surge Seen in Number of Homeless Veterans New York Times, United States - Nov 8, 2007 Denver Voters Set ‘Lowest Priority’ for Cops: Pot New York Times, United States - Nov 7, 2007 Binge Drinking (video) Drug Use in Art and Life Raymond Carver’s “Where I’m Calling From” (coursepack) Chapter 10 Sex, Gender, and the Sexual Disorders Song of the Week: When I Was A Boy by Dar Williams I won't forget when Peter Pan came to my house, took my hand I said I was a boy; I'm glad he didn't check. I learned to fly, I learned to fight I lived a whole life in one night We saved each other's lives out on the pirate's deck. And I remember that night When I'm leaving a late night with some friends And I hear somebody tell me it's not safe, someone should help me I need to find a nice man to walk me home. When I was a boy, I scared the pants off of my mom, Climbed what I could climb upon And I don't know how I survived, I guess I knew the tricks that all boys knew. And you can walk me home, but I was a boy, too. I was a kid that you would like, just a small boy on her bike Riding topless, yeah, I never cared who saw. My neighbor come outside to say, "Get your shirt," I said "No way, it's the last time I'm not breaking any law." And now I'm in this clothing store, and the signs say less is more More that's tight means more to see, more for them, not more for me That can't help me climb a tree in ten seconds flat When I Was A Boy, continued When I was a boy, See that picture? That was me Grass-stained shirt and dusty knees And I know things have gotta change, They got pills to sell, they've got implants to put in, they've got implants to remove But I am not forgetting...that I was a boy too And like the woods where I would creep, it's a secret I can keep Except when I'm tired, 'cept when I'm being caught off guard And I've had a lonesome awful day, the conversation finds its way To catching fire-flies out in the backyard. And I so tell the man I'm with about the other life I lived And I say now you're top gun, I have lost and you have won And he says, "Oh no, no, can't you see When I was a girl, my mom and I we always talked And I picked flowers everywhere that I walked. And I could always cry, now even when I'm alone I seldom do And I have lost some kindness But I was a girl too. And you were just like me, and I was just like you Sex and Gender Disorders in the News Brazil: Free Sex-Change Operations THE ASSOCIATED PRESS August 18, 2007 Brazil’s public health system will begin providing free gender-reassignment operations in compliance with a court order, the Health Ministry said. A panel of federal judges ruled that sexual reassignment surgery was covered under a constitutional clause guaranteeing medical care as a basic right. Brazil’s public health system offers free care to all Brazilians. The ministry said it would be up to local officials to decide who qualified for the surgery and what priority it would be given compared with other operations within the health system. A 24-year-old New York City man remains jailed after he was found allegedly having sex with a 92-year-old woman's corpse inside the morgue of the hospital where he worked. Anthony Merino, who works as a lab technician at Holy Name Hospital in Teaneck, N.J., was arrested Sunday after police responded to a call from a security guard at the hospital. The guard reported witnessing the lab technician sexually desecrating the woman's dead body, according to police. ABC News By DAVID SCHOETZ Oct. 30, 2007 Sex and Gender Disorders in Art and Life Alfred Kinsey Pedro Almodovar Renee Richards Chapter 11 Personality and the Personality Disorders Song of the Week – You’re So Vain by Carly Simon, performed by Jann Arden You walked into the party like you were walking onto a yacht Your hat strategically dipped below one eye Your scarf it was apricot You had one eye on the mirror as you watched yourself gavotte And all the girls dreamed that they'd be your partner They'd be your partner, and... You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you You're so vain, i'll bet you think this song is about you Don't you? don't you? You had me several years ago when i was still quite naive Well you said that we made such a pretty pair And that you would never leave But you gave away the things you loved and one of them was me I had some dreams, they were clouds in my coffee Clouds in my coffee, and... I had some dreams they were clouds in my coffee Clouds in my coffee, and... Well i hear you went up to saratoga and your horse naturally won Then you flew your lear jet up to nova scotia To see the total eclipse of the sun Well you're where you should be all the time And when you're not you're with Some underworld spy or the wife of a close friend Wife of a close friend, and... Personality Disorders – Scientific Controversies and Core Concepts The construct validity of depressive personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003 Feb;112(1):49-60. McDermut, Zimmerman, & Chelminski . This study examined the construct validity of depressive personality disorder (DPD: American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Adult psychiatric outpatients (N = 900) underwent comprehensive Axis I and II evaluations and provided data on 4,768 of their 1st-degree relatives. Despite modest overlap, DPD was not redundant with any Axis I or II disorder. Participants with DPD exhibited more Axis I and Axis II comorbidity, and greater psychosocial dysfunction, than participants without DPD. Relatives of participants with DPD had higher rates of mood disorders, alcohol abuse, and antisocial personality. Results are consistent with findings of several other similar investigations. The authors argue that DPD is a valid construct and should be conceptualized as a personality disorder as opposed to a mood disorder. Personality Disorders in the News Experts Shy From Instant Diagnoses of Gunman’s Mental Illness, but Hints Abound By JOHN SCHWARTZ and BENEDICT CAREY The New York Times April 20, 2007 The video testament that Cho Seung-Hui mailed to NBC during the intermission in his killing spree offers a compelling peek into the troubles that shaped a gunman, experts in forensic psychology say…. Dr. Michael Stone, an expert on personality disorders and killers, said in an interview that he saw in the videos “a paranoid person with sadistic traits, possibly psychotic.” These are people, he said, who might see conspiracies all around, and who have so little empathy that they “can do the most heinous things almost as if they were whittling wood….” Mr. Cho’s taped rants, and his peers’ descriptions of him as a classmate, suggest a blend of severe and specific personality problems, said Dr. Theodore Millon, dean and scientific director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology in Coral Gables, Fla., who has designed testing questionnaires used in many colleges…. People with so-called avoidant personality disorder shun social situations because of a paralyzing dread of disapproval or criticism. Those with paranoid personality disorder nourish a deep distrust of others and see insults and malicious meanings in almost every interaction. Both are stubborn patterns of behavior that can begin in adolescence or earlier….” Personality Disorders in Life and Art Chapter 12 Psychosis and Schizophrenia Song of the Week – Brain Damage by Pink Floyd The lunatic is on the grass The lunatic is on the grass Remembering games and daisy chains and laughs Got to keep the loonies on the path The lunatic is in the hall The lunatics are in my hall The paper holds their folded faces to the floor And every day the paper boy brings more And if the dam breaks open many years too soon And if there is no room upon the hill And if your head explodes with dark forebodings too Ill see you on the dark side of the moon The lunatic is in my head The lunatic is in my head You raise the blade, you make the change You re-arrange me till Im sane You lock the door And throw away the key There’s someone in my head but its not me. And if the cloud bursts, thunder in your ear You shout and no one seems to hear And if the band you’re in starts playing different tunes Ill see you on the dark side of the moon Schizophrenia in the News Fishy way to prevent schizophrenia ABC News online Thu Nov 29, 2007 Melbourne researchers say a daily dose of fish oil could prevent the onset of schizophrenia in high-risk youths. An international psychiatry conference has been told of an Orygen Research Centre study of 81 youths who'd previously suffered hallucinations or delusions. Lead researcher Professor Paul Amminger says 5% of those who were given omega-3 capsules went on to develop schizophrenia compared to almost a third who were given a placebo. "The key to efficacy of omega 3 is the early intervention so it seems it works much better in early stages when the disorder is not completely established." he said. "It's a risk reduction of about 7 times and I think that's very good news that a benign treatment is actually working as good or even better than anti-psychotics." Schizophrenia in Life and Art John Nash Chapter 14 Stress, Psychophysiological Disorders, and Somatoform Disorders Song of the Week – John Henry, arranged and performed by Snakefarm (excerpt) John Henry said to his Captain, "A man ain't nothin' but a man, And before I'll let your steam drill beat me down, Die with the hammer in my hand, Die with the hammer in my hand." Parody of the Week: Modern-Day John Henry Dies Trying To OutSpreadsheet Excel 11.0 February 27, 2006 | The Onion Issue 42•09 BALTIMORE—Office laborers across the nation are mourning the passing of Wallace Peters, 42, the mythic three-column accountant at Chesapeake & Ohio Consultants who pitted himself against Microsoft's latest version of the popular spreadsheet program Excel. Although Peters was able to balance his sheet a full 10 seconds before the program did, the man celebrated in song and story as the "cubicle worker's John Henry" was pronounced dead of a coronary thrombosis late Monday evening. The late Wallace “Wally” Peters, whom colleagues are calling a 21st-century John Henry "He died with his pencil in his hand," shift supervisor Thomas Kaptein said. "Wally Peters was an accounting-driven man……" Concluding Comments Adapting to small classes Possible pitfalls and solutions Questions? Thank you! Contact info: jhansell@umich.edu 734-665-0840