Information Technology
Infrastructure
By:
U. Abd. Rohim, MT
Sistem Informasi
1
Agenda
Computer System
 Type of Computer
 Input Device
 Output Device
 Type of Software
 Networking & Telecommunication
 Internet

Sistem Informasi
2
Sistem Informasi
3
Computer System
Input
Devices
Central Processing Unit
Control
Unit
Output
Devices
Aritmatic Logic
Unit
Primary Storage
Communication
Devices
Secondary
Storage
External Network
Sistem Informasi
4
Evolution Computer Hardware
Feature
1st
2nd
3rd
4th(early)
4th(1998)
Circuitry
Vacuum
Tube
Transistor
s
Integrate LSI &
d Circuits VLSI
ULSI
Primary
Storage
2 KB
64 KB
4 MB
16 MB
64 MB
Cycle Time
100
Millisecs
10
Microsecs
500
nanosecs
800
picosecs
2000
picosecs
• 5th Generation Computer
•Base on The Von Neumann
Arcitecture
•Massively Parallel Processing
•Future Generations
•Millisecs
= 1/1000
•Microsecs = 1/1.000.000
•DNA Computers
•Nanosecs = 1/1.000.000,000
•Optical Computers
•Picosecs
Sistem Informasi
= 1/1.000.000,000,000
5
Type of Computers





Supercomputers
Mainframes
Minicomputers
Workstations
Microcomputers






Desktop Personal Computers
Laptop Computers
Notebooks
Palmtop Computers
PDA (Personal Digital Assistance)
Smart Card
Sistem Informasi
6
Mainframes



Mainframe computers can
support hundreds or
thousands of users,
handling massive amounts
of input, output, and
storage.
Mainframe computers are
used in large organizations
where many users need
access to shared data and
programs.
Mainframes are also used
as e-commerce servers,
handling transactions over
the Internet
Sistem Informasi
7
Minicomputers
Minicomputers are
smaller than
mainframes but larger
than microcomputers.
 Minicomputers usually
have multiple
terminals.
 Minicomputers may be
used as network
servers and Internet
servers

Sistem Informasi
8
Supercomputers



Supercomputers are the
most powerful computers.
They are used for
problems requiring
complex calculations.
Because of their size and
expense, supercomputers
are relatively rare.
Supercomputers are used
by universities,
government agencies, and
large businesses
Sistem Informasi
9
Major Technological Developments and
Trend








Computer will be increasingly compact
Computer will be more portable. Mobil and wireless
applications will become a major component of IT
Home computing will be integrated with the telephone,
television, and other electronic services
Graphical and other user-friendly interface dominate PCs
Storage capacity will increase
Data warehouse will store terabytes of information
Multimedia use increase significantly
The use of internet will grow. Leading to information
superhighway
Input Devices

Keying Devices




Punched card reader
Keyboard
Point of sale terminal





Optical Character
Recognition





Pointing Devices

Mouse
Touch screen
Hand writing recognition
Voice recognition
Other Devices

Bar code scanner
Wand reader
Optical mark reader
Optical character reader
Cordless reader




Sistem Informasi

Magnetic ink character
devices
Automatic Teller Machines
(ATM)
Digitizers
Cameras
Smart card
Telephone
11
Devices for the Hand- Pens
With a pen-based system, you use
an electronic pen to write on the
screen and choose commands.

Pens are common input devices
for handheld computers, like
“personal digital assistants
(PDAs).”

Pens are handy for making
notes or selecting commands,
user can point, tap,
not for inputting a lot of The
text.
draw and write on the
computer’s screen with a
pen.
Devices for the Hand- Touch-screen
• Touch-screen systems accept
input directly through the
monitor.
• Touch screens use sensors to
detect the touch of a finger. They
are useful where environmental
conditions prohibit the use of a
keyboard or mouse.
• Touch-screen systems are useful
for selecting options from menus
Devices for the Hand-Game Controller
• The two primary types
of game controllers are
joysticks and game
pads.
• Game pads usually
provide controls for
each hand.
• Joysticks are popular
for flight simulator and
driving games
Optical Input Devices- Bar Code Reader
• Bar code readers can
read bar codes—
patterns of printed bars.
• The reader emits light,
which reflects off the
bar code and into a
detector in the reader.
The detector translates
the code into numbers.
• Flatbed bar code readers
are commonly found in
supermarkets. Courier
Bar code readers
commonly track sales in
retail stores
Optical Input Devices- Image scanners
& OCR
Image scanners digitize printed images for
storage and manipulation in a computer.
 A scanner shines light onto the image and
interprets the reflection.
 Optical character recognition (OCR)
software translates scanned text into
editable electronic documents

Document
being
scanned
Converts
diode signals
to numbers
To computer
Light source, lens
and diode array
Audio-Visual (Multimedia) Input Devices Microphones and Speech Recognition



Microphones can accept
auditory input. A microphone
requires a sound card in the
PC.
A sound card can digitize
analog sound signals, and
convert digital sound signals
to analog form.
With speech recognition
software, you can use your
microphone to dictate text,
navigate programs, and
choose Analog
commands.
Sound Signals
Digital Audio Output
[electrical signals]
(ex. 11100011) to
computer
Analog Signals are Digitized
Audio-Visual (Multimedia) Input Devices –
Video Input
• PC video cameras digitize
full-motion images.
• Digital cameras capture still
images.
• These cameras break
images into pixels and store
data about each pixel.
• Video images may be
compressed to use less
memory and storage space
Output Devices
Monitors
 Impact Printers
 Non impact Printers
 Plotters
 Audio Response
 Image processing Equipments
 Voice Output

Sistem Informasi
20
Overview of Printers


Dua katageri printer

Impact printers

Non-Impact printers
Penilaian terhadap printer

Image quality – diukur berdasarkan dots per inch (dpi).
Kebanyakan printer: 300 – 600 dpi.

Speed – diukr bedasarkan pages per minute (ppm) atau
characters per second (cps).

Cost

Cost of operation – Hal ini berhubungan dengan
penyediaan alat/komponen printer
Monitors
Categories of Monitors
 CRT Monitors
 Flat-Panel Monitors
 Comparing Monitors
 Video Controllers

Categories of Monitor
Monitors are categorized by the technology
they use:


Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors
Flat-panel displays
And by the way they display colors:



Monochrome – One color on a black
background
Grayscale – Shades of gray on a white or offwhite background
Color – From 16 to 16 million unique colors
CRT Monitors
In CRT monitors, electrons are fired at
phosphor dots on the screen.
 The dots are grouped into pixels, which
glow when struck by electrons.
 In color CRTs, each pixel contains a red,
green, and blue dot. These glow at
varying intensities to produce color
images

Flat-Panel
Monitors
• Most flat-panel
monitors use liquid
crystal display (LCD)
technology.
• Passive matrix LCD
uses a transistor for
each row and column
of pixels.
• Active matrix LCD
uses a transistor for
each pixel on the
Comparing Monitors

When comparing monitors, consider four
features:




Size
Resolution
Refresh rate
Dot pitch
Comparing Monitors

Size





A monitor's size is the diagonal measurement of its face,
in inches.
For years, 15" monitors (13"viewing area) were
standard.
Today, 17" monitors (15" viewing area) are common.
Larger monitors are available, but can be expensive
Resolution



Resolution is the number of pixels on the screen,
expressed as a matrix (such as 600x800).
A 17" monitor offers resolutions from 640x480 up to
1280x1024.
The Video Graphics Array (VGA) standard is
640x480.
Super VGA (SVGA) monitors provide
resolutions of
800x600, 1024x768 or higher
Comparing Monitors


Refresh rate

Refresh rate is the number of times each second that
the electron guns scan the screen's pixels.

Refresh rate is measured in Hertz (Hz), or cycles per
second.

Look for a refresh rate of 72 Hz or higher. A slower rate
may cause eyestrain
Dot Pitch

Dot pitch is the distance between the phosphor dots that
make up a single pixel.

In color monitors, three dots (red, green, and blue)
comprise each pixel.

Look for a dot pitch no greater than .28 millimeter
B+G
R+B
R+G
R+B+G
Video Controller
The video controller is an interface
between the monitor and the CPU.
 The video controller determines many
aspects of a monitor's performance, such
as resolution or the number of colors
displayed.
 The video controller contains its own onboard processor and memory, called
video RAM (VRAM).

VRAM
How Do Dot Matrix Printers Work
• Printer dot matrix mempunyai
sebuah head yg berisi kumpulan
Pins. Pins tersebut yg didorong
ke kertas mengikuti pola tertentu
• Lower-resolution = 9 pins.
Higher-resolution= 24 pins
• Some dot matrix printers print
500 cps
How Do Ink Jet Printers Work?
• Printer Ink Jet
menyemprotkan tinta pada
kertas.
• Printer ini tersedia untuk
B/W atau Colors
• Kecepatan 2-4 ppm
• Resolusi 300-600 dpi
How Do Laser Printers Work?
• Printer laser memberikan
tekanan panas untuk mengikat
partikel dari toner pada kertas
• Tersedia untuk B/W atau Colors
• resolusi mulai 300 – 1200 dpi.
• B/W laser printers umumnya
berkecepatan 4 – 16 ppm
Other High-Quality Printers
•
•
•
•
•
Thermal-wax
Dye-sublimation
Fiery
IRIS
Plotters
Type of Software
Application Software
System Software
HARDWARE
Sistem Informasi
37
Type of Application Software










Spreadsheets
Data Management
Word Processing
Desktop Publishing
Graphics
Multimedia
Communication Software
Software Suites
Enterprise wide Integrated Software
Other Application Software

Accounting & Auditing, Financial Management,
marketing Management, Human Resources
Management, DSS, EIS Generators, Expert System dll.
Sistem Informasi
38
Systems Software

System Control Programs



System Support Programs




Operating system
Graphical User Interface Operating System
System Utility Programs
System Performance Monitor
System Security Monitor
System Development Programs


Compilers, Interpreters, tranlators
CASE Programs
Sistem Informasi
39
Programming Languages

Evolution
Machine Language
2. Assembly Language
3. Procedural Language
4. Non-Procedural Language
5. Intelligent language
6.  Natural Language
1.

New Programming Language



Object Oriented Programming Language (OOP)
Visual Programming Language
Internet Oriented language




HTML
Dynamic HTML
XML
Java
Sistem Informasi
40
Telecommunication Concept
Computer
Communications
Processor
Communications
Processor
Computer
Network
S/W
Sistem Informasi
41
Communication Media

Cable Media



Twister-Pair Wire
Coaxial Cable
Piber Optic

Wireless Media









Microwave
Satellite
Global Positioning System
(GPS)
Radio
Infrared
Cellular Radio Technology
Mobile Computing
Personal Communication
Service (PCS)
Personal Digital Assistance
(PDA)
Sistem Informasi
42
Communication Media

Characteristic of Communication Media



Transmission Direction




Transmission speed: Bandwidth (bit per second
:bps, signal frequency, Baud rate)
Optical Networking
Simple data Transmission
Half-duplex Transmission
Full-duplex Transmission
Transmission Mode


Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Sistem Informasi
43
Network Topology
Bus
 Ring
 Start

Network Size
Local Area Network (LAN)
 Private Branch Exchange (VBX)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Value-Added Network (VAN)
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Sistem Informasi
44
The Internet
What is the internet
 Brief history
 Access Internet





Via Modem (Home, Road)
Via LAN (Campus, Office)
Television
Other access



Internet Terminal
Internet Kiosks
dll
Sistem Informasi
45
Wide Are Information Servers (WAIS)
Browsing and WWW
 Create web document
 Search Engines
 Downloading software & file
 E-mail
 Chat Programs
 Newsgroups
 Mailing lists & E-Bulletin Board

Sistem Informasi
46
Tugas

Buat makalah/paper

Bahasan mencakup


Teknologi & Cara kerja alat, kelengkapan alat

Perangangan Prosedur Kerja untuk Sistem
Aturan Tugas
Kelompok dg Anggota 4 orang
Mendaftarkan judul ke info@arsys.or.id
Dikumpulkan setelah UTS

Bahasan

Sistem Absensi dengan Teknologi RFID

Sistem Absensi dengan Teknologi Barcode