SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 1. Pearson correlations of 25(OH)D, redox and inflammatory
biomarkers with clinical variables in participants with available serum 25(OH)D concentrations
Fasting
glucose1
-0.09
(0.01)
Fasting
insulin1
-0.28
(<0.001)
HOMA-IR1
TG1
-0.27
(<0.001)
GSH1
-0.13
(<0.001)
-0.23
(<0.001)
GSSG1
-0.07
(0.07)
Eh GSSG
LDL
HDL
-0.06
(0.11)
Total
cholesterol
0.09
(0.01)
-0.0006
(0.99)
0.23
(<0.001)
-0.23
(<0.001)
-0.07
(0.07)
0.004
(0.91)
-0.02
(0.55)
0.09
(0.02)
-0.09
(0.02)
-0.10
(0.01)
-0.07
(0.05)
-0.09
(0.02)
-0.04
(0.27)
-0.05
(0.17)
0.06
(0.11)
0.13
(<0.001)
0.14
(<0.001)
-0.0004
(0.99)
-0.08
(0.049)
-0.01
(0.74)
-0.12
(0.001)
Cys
0.07
(0.07)
0.12
(0.002)
0.13
(0.001)
0.11
(0.006)
0.06
(0.15)
0.05
(0.23)
-0.03
(0.45)
CySS
0.21
(<0.001)
0.31
(<0.001)
0.32
(<0.001)
0.22
(<0.001)
0.08
(0.04)
0.08
(0.03)
-0.11
(0.006)
Eh CySS
0.03
(0.37)
0.03
(0.39)
0.04
(0.34)
-0.009
(0.81)
-0.03
(0.52)
-0.01
(0.79)
-0.02
(0.53)
CySSG1
-0.09
(0.02)
-0.16
(<0.001)
-0.16
(<0.001)
-0.02
(0.68)
-0.02
(0.66)
-0.05
(0.22)
0.06
(0.14)
CRP1
0.10
(0.01)
0.37
(<0.001)
0.37
(<0.001)
0.17
(<0.001)
-0.02
(0.59)
0.0009
(0.98)
-0.13
(<0.001)
IL-61
0.02
(0.56)
0.28
(<0.001)
0.26
(<0.001)
0.07
(0.07)
-0.009
(0.82)
0.03
(0.38)
-0.11
(0.005)
IL-81
0.06
(0.09)
0.02
(0.67)
0.03
(0.49)
0.09
(0.02)
0.06
(0.10)
0.04
(0.35)
0.0008
(0.98)
TNF-α1
0.03
(0.42)
0.06
(0.11)
0.06
(0.10)
0.15
(<0.001)
0.008
(0.84)
0.07
(0.08)
-0.21
(<0.001)
IFN1
0.007
(0.86)
0.06
(0.12)
0.06
(0.14)
-0.001
(0.97)
0.0003
(0.99)
-0.005
(0.89)
0.003
(0.95)
MMP9/NGAL1
-0.06
(0.11)
-0.02
(0.63)
-0.03
(0.47)
0.10
(0.01)
-0.04
(0.25)
-0.08
(0.05)
-0.004
(0.91)
25(OH)D
Reported as r (P-value). Bold type indicates statistical significance. Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, homeostatic model
assessment of insulin resistance; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; Eh, redox
potential; Cys, cysteine; CySS, cystine; CySSG, cystine-glutathione mixed disulfide; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6,
interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- α; IFN, interferon-gamma; MMP-9/NGAL, matrix
metalloproteinase 9 /neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.
1
Variables were log-transformed for analyses.
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants in the
Emory Predictive Health Initiative cohort by vitamin D supplement intake1
Characteristic
No vitamin D
supplement
(n = 273)
48.8 ± 10.5
Any vitamin D
supplement
(n = 281)
50.4 ± 10.5
0.06
Female gender
182 (66.7)
192 (68.3)
0.72
Caucasian race
189 (69.2)
220 (78.3)
0.002
4 (1.47)
4 (1.42)
0.37
BMI (kg/m2)2
28.9 ± 6.7
27.6 ± 6.5
0.02
Percent body fat (%)3
37.3 ± 8.3
35.9 ± 8.8
0.05
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
5.0 ± 1.0
5.0 ± 1.1
0.65
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)
47.2 ± 50.3
37.7 ± 52.0
0.03
Systolic blood pressure (mmHG)4
123.3 ± 15.9
121.4 ± 16.5
0.15
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHG)4
77.9 ± 11.0
76.4 ± 10.7
0.11
Diabetes (%)5,6
20 (7.6)
19 (6.9)
0.75
Hypertension (%)5,7
96 (36.5)
68 (24.6)
0.003
Hyperlipidemia (%)5,8
80 (30.4)
78 (28.3)
0.58
57.7 ± 23.7
83.1 ± 30.0
<0.001
Age (yr)
Hispanic/Latino ethnicity
25(OH)D (nmol/L)
1
P
Values reported as mean ± SD or N (%). Differences were determined with two-group t-test or
chi2 test. Supplement intake was missing in 139 participants.
2
n=271 without vitamin D supplement, 280 with vitamin D supplement; 3n=266 without vitamin
D supplement, 276 with vitamin D supplement; 4n=272 without vitamin D supplement; 5n=263
without vitamin D supplement, 276 with vitamin D supplement; 6Self-reported diagnosis or
fasting glucose  7 mmol/L; 7Self-reported diagnosis, use of blood pressure-lowering
medication, or blood pressure  140/90 mmHG; 8Self-reported diagnosis or use of lipid–
lowering medications.
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 3. Demographic and clinical characteristics of African American
and Caucasian American participants in the Emory Predictive Health Initiative cohort with
available serum 25(OH)D levels1
Characteristic
African American
(n = 156)
46 ± 9
Caucasian American
(n = 497)
49 ± 11
<0.001
134 (85.9)
294 (59.2)
<0.001
1 (0.64)
8 (1.61)
0.37
BMI (kg/m2)2
31.8 ± 7.8
27.1 ± 5.6
<0.001
Percent body fat (%)3
40.5 ± 8.1
34.8 ± 8.7
<0.001
Vitamin D supplement use4,8
46 (37.1)
220 (53.8)
0.001
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
5.0 ± 1.4
5.0 ± 0.8
0.77
52.8 ± 50.7
37.5 ± 48.6
<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHG)5
126 ± 17
120 ± 16
<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHG)5
78 ± 12
76 ± 10
0.06
Diabetes (%)6,9
14 (9.4)
25 (5.2)
0.06
Hypertension (%)7,10
51 (42.9)
109 (27.2)
0.001
Hyperlipidemia (%)7,11
27 (22.7)
128 (31.9)
0.05
57.7 ± 23.7
83.1 ± 30.0
<0.001
Age (yr)
Female Gender
Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)
25(OH)D (nmol/L)
1
P
Values reported as mean ± SD or N (%). Differences were determined with two-group t-test or
chi2 test.
2
n=154 African American (AA), 495 Caucasian American (CA); 3n=150 AA, 485 CA; 4n=123
AA, 409 CA; 5n=496 CA; 6n=148 AA, 482 CA; 7n=118 AA, 401 CA;
8
Self-report of use of any supplements containing vitamin D; 9Self-reported diagnosis or fasting
glucose  7 mmol/L; 10Self-reported diagnosis, use of blood pressure-lowering medication, or
blood pressure  140/90 mmHG; 11Self-reported diagnosis or use of lipid–lowering medications.
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 4. Circulating markers of thiol/disulfide redox and inflammation
of participants in the Emory Predictive Health Initiative cohort by serum 25(OH)D
concentrations < and ≥ 50 nmol/L1
25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L
25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L
n = 124
n = 569
GSH (μM)2
1.54  0.60 (1.46)
1.78  0.69 (1.65)
<0.001
GSSG (μM)2
0.06  0.04 (0.05)
0.06  0.05 (0.05)
0.71
-132.8 ± 12.6
-136.5 ± 9.31
<0.001
Cys (μM)2
9.84 ± 2.47
9.22 ± 2.10
0.005
CySS (μM)2
89.9 ± 20.2
83.6 ± 17.7
<0.001
Eh CySS (mV)2
-70.5 ± 6.7
-69.8 ± 5.6
0.22
CySSG (μM)2
2.46  0.96 (2.36)
2.62  0.92 (2.49)
0.02
CRP (mg/L)3
0.45  0.49 (0.31)
0.28  0.41 (0.13)
<0.001
IL-6 (pg/mL)4
2.48  4.9 (1.50)
1.39  2.12 (0.91)
<0.001
IL-8 (pg/mL)
10.11  6.27 (8.74)
9.49  10.78 (8.13)
0.35
TNF-α (pg/mL)5
3.81  2.08 (3.90)
4.21  9.06 (3.65)
0.75
IFN (pg/mL)5
0.26  0.47 (0.08)
0.25  0.52 (0.20)
0.87
MMP-9/NGAL (ng/mL)6
30.4  22.1 (24.9)
32.5  22.3 (26.9)
0.08
Characteristic
Eh GSSG (mV)2
1
P
Reported as mean ± SD with median is listed in parentheses for variables that were not normally
distributed. Differences between groups were determined with two-group t-tests. Abbreviations:
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; Eh, redox
potential; Cys, cysteine; CySS, cystine; CySSG, cystine-glutathione mixed disulfide; CRP, Creactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- α; IFN,
interferon-gamma; MMP-9/NGAL, matrix metalloproteinase 9 /neutrophil gelatinase-associated
lipocalin.
2
n = 549 in vitamin D sufficient group (25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L), respectively; 3n = 568 in vitamin
D sufficient group; 4n = 550 in vitamin D sufficient group; 5n = 551 in vitamin D sufficient
group; 6n = 123 and 545 in vitamin D insufficient and sufficient groups, respectively.
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 5. Circulating markers of thiol/disulfide redox and inflammation
of participants in the Emory Predictive Health Initiative cohort by vitamin D supplement intake1
Characteristic
No vitamin D supplement
(n = 273)
Any vitamin D
supplement
(n = 281)
P
GSH (μM)2
1.67 ± 0.62 (1.57)
1.76 ± 0.71 (1.60)
0.07
GSSG (μM)2
0.06 ± 0.04 (0.05)
0.06 ± 0.06 (0.05)
0.08
-135.9 ± 10.3
-135.9 ± 9.1
0.97
Cys (μM)2
9.44 ± 2.25
9.16 ± 2.16
0.14
CySS (μM)2
85.6 ± 19.6
85.3 ± 17.6
0.85
Eh CySS (mV)2
-70.2 ± 5.8
-69.3 ± 5.8
0.09
CySSG (μM)2
2.51 ± 0.93 (2.39)
2.66 ± 0.99 (2.50)
0.06
C-reactive protein (mg/L)3
0.38 ± 0.5 (0.17)
0.29 ± 0.44 (0.15)
0.02
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)4
1.74 ± 3.27 (1.05)
1.53 ± 2.48 (1.03)
0.18
Interleukin-8 (pg/mL)5
9.69 ± 5.87 (8.42)
10.01 ± 14.34 (8.39)
0.63
Tumor necrosis factor-α (pg/mL)5
4.6 ± 12.63 (3.79)
3.82 ± 2.92 (3.51)
0.73
Interferon-gamma (pg/mL)5
0.23 ± 0.3 (0.17)
0.29 ± 0.72 (0.20)
0.31
MMP-9/NGAL (ng/mL)5
32.3 ± 21.2 (27.6)
32.2 ± 21.7 (26.5)
0.66
Eh GSSG (mV)2
1
Reported as mean ± SD with median is listed in parentheses for variables that were not normally
distributed. Differences were determined with two-group t-test. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25hydroxyvitamin D; Cys, cysteine; CySS, cystine; Eh, redox potential; GSH, glutathione; GSSG,
glutathione disulfide; CySSG, cystine-glutathione mixed disulfide; MMP-9/NGAL, matrix
metalloproteinase 9 /neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin complex.
2
n=268 without vitamin D supplement, 271 with vitamin D supplement; 3n=272 without vitamin
D supplement, 281 with vitamin D supplement; 4n=269 without vitamin D supplement, 270 with
vitamin D supplement; 5n=269 without vitamin D supplement, 271 with vitamin D supplement.
SUPPLEMENTAL TABLE 6. Circulating markers of thiol/disulfide redox and inflammation
of African American and Caucasian American participants in the Emory Predictive Health
Initiative cohort with available serum 25(OH)D levels1
Characteristic
African American
Caucasian American
P
GSH (μM)2
1.63 ± 0.74 (1.50)
1.75 ± 0.64 (1.62)
0.01
GSSG (μM)2
0.06 ± 0.05 (0.05)
0.06 ± 0.05 (0.05)
0.92
-134.0 ± 10.5
-136.3 ± 9.9
0.01
Cys (μM)2
9.62 ± 2.19
9.24 ± 2.17
0.06
CySS (μM)2
89.7 ± 19.0
83.6 ± 18.0
<0.001
Eh CySS (mV)2
-70.0 ± 5.6
-69.9 ± 5.8
0.83
CySSG (μM)2
2.42 ± 0.88 (2.32)
2.65 ± 0.95 (2.51)
0.003
4.8 ± 5.1 (3.0)
2.6 ± 4.0 (1.3)
<0.001
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)4
2.64 ± 4.83 (1.46)
1.31 ± 1.92 (0.91)
<0.001
Interleukin-8 (pg/mL)5
9.20 ± 5.32 (8.21)
9.34 ± 5.39 (8.17)
0.79
Tumor necrosis factor-α
(pg/mL)5
3.64 ± 2.36 (3.49)
4.35 ± 9.63 (3.79)
0.05
Interferon-gamma (pg/mL)5
0.28 ± 0.91 (0.10)
0.24 ± 0.28 (0.20)
0.57
MMP-9/NGAL (ng/mL)6
26.7 ± 21.2 (22.2)
34.4 ± 21.9 (29.2)
<0.001
Eh GSSG (mV)2
C-reactive protein (mg/L)3
1
Reported as mean ± SD with median is listed in parentheses for variables that were not normally
distributed. Differences were determined with two-group t-test. Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25hydroxyvitamin D; Cys, cysteine; CySS, cystine; Eh, redox potential; GSH, glutathione; GSSG,
glutathione disulfide; CySSG, cystine-glutathione mixed disulfide; MMP-9/NGAL, matrix
metalloproteinase 9 /neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin complex.
2
n=153 African American (AA), 481 Caucasian American (CA); 3n=156 AA, 496 CA; 4n=154
AA, 481 CA; 5n=154 AA, 482 CA; 6n=154 AA, 479 CA.