Introduction to
Embedded Systems
Manuel Lois Anido
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Undergraduate Course in Computer Science
NCE/IM
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Introduction to Embedded Systems
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Course Objectives:
• Study the Methods to Design and Implement
Embedded Systems. It is an Interdisciplinary Course
which Involves Software and Hardware Knowledge
(mostly software).
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Important Issues:
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Arithmetic, Basic Hardware
Microcontrollers
Interrupts, Concurrency
Timing
Limited Resources
Finite State Machines
Connecting I/O Devices
Evaluation:
• Theorethical Assignments
• Practical Assignments
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Course Outline
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Introduction to Embedded Systems
Basic Electricity, Electronics Concepts and Devices
Integer and Fixed-Point Arithmetic
Overview of Popular Microcontrollers and DSPs with
Associated Assembly Language
Using C and IDEs for System Development
Interrupts, DMA, Polling, Timers
Finite State Machines
Basic Microcontroller Interface Circuits – Parallel, Serial,
Bar codes, Magnetic cards, smart cards, keyboards,
LCDs, USB, SCSI, etc
Real-Time Systems Concepts and RTOS
Java/Jini for Embedded Devices
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Embedded Systems’ Books
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Course is centered on Slides and Papers
Text Books:
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Embedded C – Michael J. Pont, Addison Wesley Publ. (C programming for 8051 line)
Microcontrolador 8051 Detalhado – Denys E. Nicolosi – Editora Érica
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Microcontrolador PIC – PIC – Programação em C – Fabio Ferreira – Ed. Érica,
Desbravando o PIC – David José de Souza – Ed. Érica.
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Embedded System Design: A unified Hardware/Software Introduction (Frank Vahid):
www.cs.ucr.edu/content/esd/ (on line)
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Useful Link on C programming for 8051 - http://www.spjsystems.com/c31exmpl.htm
Other Useful Books:
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Basic Electronics: Any Basic Book that Describes Electronic Components
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Computer Arithmetic: Computer Arithmetic – Algorithms and Hardware Designs – Behrooz
Parhami – Oxford Press – ISBN – 0-19-512583-5
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C and the 8051 – Building Efficient Applications – Thomas W. Shultz – Prentice Hall PTR (see
www.amazon.com)
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ARM and Texas DSP – Look for it at the Internet
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Sistemas de Tempo Real: Livro Tempo Real em Formato Eletrônico (PDF)
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Java/Jini: Look for it at the Internet
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Embedded Systems’ Tools
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Check Your CD-ROM
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Tools for the 8051 line of Microcontrollers:
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Keil System IDE: www.keil.com (BEST ONE for 8051 family)
EZ Downloader – To donwnload object code through serial port to program 8051
chips
PROTEUS and ISIS – CAD (or EDA) system with schematic capture and
simulation
Tools for the PIC line of Microcontrollers:
• CCS – C compiler for PIC Microcontroller
• MPLAB – IDE from Microchip for PIC Microcontroller – Editor, File
Manager, etc
• PROTEUS and ISIS – EDA system with schematic capture and
simulation
• IC-Prog – To download object code through parallel or serial ports to
program PIC chips
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Embedded Systems - URLs
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Development kits in Brazil:
http://kit.microcontrolador.com
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Course Evaluation
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2 simple homeworks (individual) ( Hw)
1 Exam (Ex1)
1 very simple project (group of two) (P1)
1 project (group of two) (P2)
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1 final exam (individual) (Fe)
1 exam that can substitute Ex1 or Fe
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Evaluation:
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Average = (0.6*Ex1 + [Ex1 *1.4*(Hw1 + Hw2 + P1 +P2)/4]/10)/2
If Average >= 7 Pass else Go To Final Exam
If (Fe + Average)/2 >= 5 PASS Else Fail
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Introduction
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Embedded System is a small
computer system that is
generally hidden inside
equipment (machine,
electrical appliance) to
increase the intelligence of
the equipment for better or
more efficient functionality.
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This kind of system always
involves both the software
and hardware codevelopment. Embedded
systems are often easier
understood in term of Smart
Devices, Intelligent, or
Automated Equipment.
MARKET (2001)
PC´s !!
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Market for Embedded Microprocessors
About four (!) percent of the world’s microprocessors are used in
computers.
Source: Embedded Systems Programming, May 1999
embedded
microprocessors
Motorola,
ARM,
MIPS,
i960,
x86,
…
8-bit
1 billion
8-bit
1 billion
16-bit
1 billion
32-bit
250 million
Only 4% of the
total number
125 million PCs
Intel, AMD
Average car has about 15 microprocessors.
Mercedes S-class: 63 microprocessors !!
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A “short list” of embedded systems
Anti-lock brakes
Auto-focus cameras
Automatic teller machines
Automatic toll systems
Automatic transmission
Avionic systems
Battery chargers
Camcorders
Cell phones
Cell-phone base stations
Cordless phones
Cruise control
Curbside check-in systems
Digital cameras
Disk drives
Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments
Electronic toys/games
Factory control
Fax machines
Fingerprint identifiers
Home security systems
Life-support systems
Medical testing systems
Modems
MPEG decoders
Network cards
Network switches/routers
On-board navigation
Pagers
Photocopiers
Point-of-sale systems
Portable video games
Printers
Satellite phones
Scanners
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Speech recognizers
Stereo systems
Teleconferencing systems
Televisions
Temperature controllers
Theft tracking systems
TV set-top boxes
VCR’s, DVD players
Video game consoles
And
Video phones
Washers and dryers
the list goes on and on . . .
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Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC)
Word length: 16 bits (15 bits data + parity bit)
First computer using integrated circuits (ICs)
Magnetic core memory
Fixed memory (ROM):
36,864 words
Erasable memory (RAM): 2,048 words
Number of instructions: 34
Cycle time: 11.7 msec
Clock frequency: 85 kHz (!)
Number of logic gates: 5,600 (2,800 packages)
Weight: 30 kg
Power consumption: 70 W
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Technology Areas of Embedded Systems
C, Java
Languages
Embedded
Real-Time
Program
Embedded
RTOS
Network +
Protocol
Real World
Interfacing
Human
Computer
Interaction
Digital +
Analog
Circuit
DSP
Control
Systems
VHDL
Verilog
Machine Fixed Point
Intelligence Arithmetic
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