Zoology Chapter 8-9
Introduction to Animals Notes
I.
___________________________: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology,
classification, and distribution of animals
II.
Biological Classification
a. The science of classifying living things is called ________________________________.
b. _______________________________________ developed the system of classifying organisms
by assigning them a genus and species name.
c. All living things are classified in the following ____________________ (groups):
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
d. There are __________ kingdoms, but Zoology is based upon only Kingdom
____________________________.
e. Kingdom Animalia is divided into 9 major ___________________ (Phylum, singular).
f. Each Phylum is then divided into Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
g.
III.
Animals can be categorized into two basic groups:
a. ________________________________________: animals without a backbone
b. ________________________________________: animals with a backbone
IV.
Characteristics of all animals:
a. Are ________________________________________
cells have nucleus and membrane bound organelles
b. Are ________________________________________: get food from consuming other
organisms
c. Are ________________________________________: made of many cells
d. Show ______________________________________: different kinds of cells do different jobs
e. ______________________________ (at some point in life cycle): for food, find mates,
escape danger
f. Contain __________________________________ which carries the genetic code
g. ______________________________________ : make offspring; most have sexual
reproduction (a few are asexual)
h. ADVANTAGES OF BEING MULTICELLULAR
i. The organism can be _________________________
ii. _____________________________________________: different cells perform different
functions so bodies can be more efficient
iii. The organism can be more __________________________: better movement,
higher functioning
V.
10 Body Systems
a. ________________________________________: outside body covering (fur, skin, scales,
feathers); covers and protects, ID, prevents heat and water loss
b. ________________________________________: breaks down food to obtain nutrients and
gets rid of undigested waste
i. Types of Digestive Systems:
1. NO openings: food enters through _______________________
2. Only ONE opening: ___________________ in and __________________ out
through same opening
3. TWO openings: FOOD IN at one end (_________________________), and
WASTE OUT at other end (___________________________)
ii. Two openings is the MOST ____________________________
1. If food flows in only one direction it allows for organ
_______________________________--different parts can start to do
different jobs
c. _____________________________________________
i. Transports ______________________________/_________________________ to body cells
ii. Carries ______________________________/_____________________________ waste away
from cells
iii. Circulatory fluid can be: inside blood vessels= ____________________________;
or loose inside body spaces= __________________________________.
d. ______________________________________________
i. Exchange gasses with the environment
ii. Take in oxygen
iii. Get ride of waste gases (CO2 and ammonia)
e. _______________________________________________
i. Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
ii. Help with ________________________________ by maintaining water/ion balance
(_________________________________)
iii. Nitrogen waste
Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid
iv. ALL WASTE IS NOT THE SAME
Digestive Waste
Where it’s made?
Nitrogen Waste
Body system used?
In what form?
f. _______________________________: Framework to support the body/protection
i. Skeleton on inside = ____________________________________
ii. Skeleton on outside = __________________________________________
g. _______________________________: Locomotion- move body itself OR move substances
through body (Ex. Food through digestive system; blood through vessels.
h. __________________________________
i. Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents =
_________________________________
ii. Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =
_________________________________
iii. _____________________________ development: immature LARVA looks different
than adult
iv. _____________________________ development: young are smaller versions of
adults
v. Sperm and egg join OUTSIDE female’s body = ________________________________
vi. Sperm and egg join INSIDE female’s body = __________________________________
i.
_________________________________________: Receive sensory information about
environment and send response signals
j.
_________________________________________: Makes hormones that regulate other body
systems (only in higher animals).
VI.
Types of Symmetry: No symmetry, Bilateral, Radial
a. ___________________________________: No symmetry; doesn’t matter how you cut it;
you never get two identical halves. Example: ___________________________________
b. ____________________________ symmetry: Get 2 identical halves in several directions
Examples:
c. ____________________________ symmetry: If you divide animal down the middle you
get 2 mirror images BUT only divides in ONE direction. Examples:
VII.
________________________________________: concentration of nervous tissue and sensory
organs in anterior end of an organism (head end)
VIII.
IX.
Which way is up??
Embryology
a. Where does blastopore end up?
b. What do embryos look like as they divide? Draw it.
c. When do cells decide what they will become?
____________________________________: cells decide early; removing cell causes death
____________________________________: cells decide later; removing cell okay
d. Protostomes and Deuterostomes
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Blastopore becomes…
Cells decide…
Type of Cleavage
What groups?
e. ***Exception to the rule: _______________________________
They are ____________________________________, but their embryos act like
__________________________________________
f. All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their
embryos:
Germ Layer
Turns Into…
Digestive system, respiratory
Muscles, excretory, bones, circulatory
Outer skin, brain, nervous system
X.
Types of Coeloms
a. ___________________________________ = “without space”; No cavity (space) and organs
Example: Flatworms are acoelomates!
b. ___________________________________ = Space around organs but only lined with
mesoderm on one side (mesoderm lines body wall BUT NOT around gut)
Example: Rounds worms are Pseudocoelomates!
c. ___________________________________ = Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by
mesoderm
EUCOLEOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM
Example: All vertebrates are eucoelomates, and some invertebrates.
d. Three Types of Coeloms
e. Advantages of having a COELOM (body space)
i. Provides space for _________________________________ organs
ii. In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a
______________________________________ skeleton
iii. In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate
nutrients and oxygen to cells
iv. Why is a EUCOELOM the best? Digestive organ muscles and body wall
muscles come from _________________________________ in different places so
organism can digest food and move at same time