A History of Psychology
(3rd Edition)
John G. Benjafield

• ‘Not conscious or knowing within oneself; unaware, regardless, heedless’
• ‘Not characterized by, or endowed with, the faculty or presence of consciousness’
• ‘Not realized or known as existing in oneself’
• ‘Not attended by, or present to, consciousness; performed, employed, etc., without conscious action’

–
• Mesmerism → Hypnotism
• Animal Magnetism : the force to which
Mesmer attributed hypnotic effects

–
• Childhood:
– Top of class at the ‘Gymnasium’
• 1881: Entered university
– Experienced anti-Semitism
– Ernst Brüke = influential teacher
• 1885: Went to study in Paris
– Studied with Jean-Martin Charcot at the
Salpêtrière Hospital
– Focused on patients with hysteria

• Conversion hysteria : the patient has a physical symptom, such as paralysis or lack of feeling in a part of the body
– Ex. Glove anaesthesia : no sensation in the hand below the wrist
• Potential causes?
– Neural disorder
– Fabrication
– Unconscious forces (Freud)

• Real name: Bertha Pappenheim
• 1880: treated by Joseph Breuer
• Symptoms included: paralysis of both legs and the right arm
• Diagnosis: hysteria
• Treatment: hypnosis

• Freud began to adopt Breuer’s procedure; published an account of it together
• Catharsis : the process by which the expression of an emotion removes its pathological effect

• Freud began to see hysterical symptoms as the result of sexual trauma that had occurred in early childhood
– Based his conclusion on cases of six men and twelve women
• Freud argued that the symptoms of hysteria were the result of repression
– Person forgets painful experiences but trace of the memory still exists in the unconscious

• Freud eventually came to believe that the descriptions of sexual abuse given by his patients were actually fantasties
– Represented infantile wishes on the part of the patients
• Ex. Oedipus complex

• Written in 1895; published posthumously in 1950
• One of its goals was to explain the nature of consciousness in neurological terms
• Served as a draft of Freud’s preliminary ideas

• Primary process
– Follow the pleasure principle
• Secondary processes
– Follow the reality principle

• Ch. 1 – 6: review of previous work on dreams
• Ch. 7: Freud presented his own theory
– ‘certain memories actually cause dreams’

• Represented by a triangle
– Top = conscious system
• Contains all those things of which we are aware
– Middle = preconscious system
• Contains all those things of which we are not now aware but of which we could become aware
– Bottom = unconscious system
• Contains those things of which we are not aware and cannot directly become aware

• Dreams = unconscious wishes + preconscious material
• Manifest content : what we experience when we dream
• Latent content : what we discover by analyzing a dream
• Free association : procedure by which the patient begins by thinking about a dream and then saying whatever comes to mind without censoring

Psychosexual stages:
• Oral stage
• Anal stage
• Phallic stage
• Genital stage
• Risk of fixation at each stage

• Id
• Ego
– Realistic anxiety
– Moral anxiety
• Superego
– Neurotic anxiety

• Freud influenced by Sir James G. Frazer
– Cultural anthropologist
• Incest taboo
• Primal horde
• Life instinct (Eros)
• Death instinct (Thanatos)

• Freud visited the United States in 1909
• Lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark
University in Worcester, MA
– Visit was highly publicized
• Led to subsequent popularity of psychoanalysis in the United States

• Freud family left Vienna for England
– After Anna Freud was interrogated by the
Gestapo
• Freud died shortly after arriving in England
– Had suffered from cancer of the palate since
1923
– Died on 23 September 1939

• Anna Freud
• Karen Horne
• Alfred Adler
• C.G. Jung

–
• Freud’s daughter, secretary, nurse, etc.
• Known for her elaboration of the defence mechanisms:
– Displacement
– Projection
– Rationalization
– Reaction formation

–
• Born and educated in Germany; moved to
United States in 1932
• Became first woman to found an independent psychoanalytic society (the
American Institute for Psychoanalysis)
• Argued neurosis was outcome of child’s response to basic anxiety
1. Moving towards people
2. Moving away from people
3. Moving against people

• Was uncomfortable with Freud’s emphasis on sexuality
• Focused on role of feelings of inferiority in human development
• Believed birth order was particularly important

–
• Trained as a physician
• Began writing to Freud after reading The
Interpretation of Dreams
• Visited Freud in Vienna in 1907
• Accompanied Freud to US in 1909
– His lecture focused on the technique of word association

Jung Freud
• Saw the libido as sexual energy
• Wanted to desexualize the concept of the libido
– Broader concept of the libido

• Jung left the psychoanalytic movement
• Founded his own theoretical school: analytical psychology
– Later came to be called archetypal psychology
• 1921: Psychological Types

• Opposing tendencies
• General features of mental life
• Refers to the ways in which different people relate to the world

• Collective unconscious : characteristics possessed by the species as a whole
• Personal unconscious : analogous to
Freud’s concept of the unconscious

• Exploration of the collective unconscious reveals existence of archetypes
• Archetypes : ‘the pattern from which copies are made’
– Anima : the masculine image of femininity
– Animus : the feminine image of masculinity
• Persona : one’s public self

• Jung: the goal of the person is to balance the opposing tendencies within themselves
– Concept drawn in part from medieval alchemy

Perceptual Functions:
• Sensation and intuition
Judgmental Functions:
• Thinking and feeling