BIOLOGY 30 The Endocrine System COMPARISON OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Nervous System Endocrine System Produces neurotransmitters Produces hormones Direct cell to cell communication Hormones travel through blood to their target Fast acting Slow acting Lasts a short while Long lasting 2 GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW Endocrine = Hormone System Hormones are chemicals produced in minute amounts All hormones in body together weigh less than 5 ounces. 3 GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW Control the slow processes in our bodies Rate of growth Metabolism Development before birth Pregnancy, birth process, lactation Initiation of puberty & sexual maturity Storing & breakdown of food Maintaining water & mineral levels 4 GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW Hormones are chemical messengers Produced in a gland Travel through the blood stream Act on a “target” cell. Hormones are created in glands called ENDOCRINE glands (“ductless glands”) Because the glands secrete into the blood stream, not into a body cavity (exocrine). 5 TYPES OF HORMONES Local Hormones 1. • • • • Not typical hormones Act immediately on area near secretion Action is local and rapid Example = histamines Released by tissues when affected by a foreign substance… pollen… Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into tissues Inflammation, redness, swelling 6 TYPES OF HORMONES Circulating Hormones 2. • • • • • Typical Produced by endocrine glands Travel through blood To target cell Combine with receptor on or in the target cell Receptor site is either on the membrane or in cytoplasm Initiates a change in the target cell 7 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF HORMONES We are concerned with 2 types Protein or Peptide Hormones 1. • • • • Made up of peptide chains or long proteins Water soluble / lipid insoluble Cannot cross phospholipid bilayer Includes hormones from 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Pancreas 8 Chemical Structure of Hormones Steroid Hormones 2. • • • • Chemically related to cholesterol Water insoluble / lipid soluble Can pass right through the cell membrane Includes Sex hormones Thyroxin Hormones from the adrenal cortex 9 ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT Identify the following endocrine glands on a diagram of a human Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Thyroid Parathyroid Testes Ovaries Adrenal Glands Pancreas Thymus 10 LET’S ZOOM IN ON THE HEAD. ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Hypothalamus hormones produced here are secreted into the blood through the posterior pituitary. 15 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect 17 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) 18 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Target Effect Hypothalamus (Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary) 19 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Hypothalamus (Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary) Target Effect Uterus, Mammary 20 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Posterior Pituitary Source Hormone Hypothalamus Oxytocin (Posterior Pituitary) Target Effect Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion 21 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Source Hormone Hypothalamus (Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary) Posterior Pituitary Target Effect Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) 22 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Source Hormone Hypothalamus (Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary) Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Posterior Pituitary Target Effect Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion ADH 23 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Source Hormone Hypothalamus (Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary) Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADH Posterior Pituitary Target Effect Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Kidney 24 SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS Source Hormone Hypothalamus (Posterior Oxytocin Pituitary) Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADH Posterior Pituitary Target Effect Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Kidney Water reabsorption 25 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary 26 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone Target Effect (somatotropin) 28 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone General Effect (somatotropin) 29 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) Target Effect General Stimulates body growth 30 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) Target Effect General Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary 31 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) Ant. Pituitary Target Effect General Stimulates body growth Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 32 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone Target Effect General Stimulates body growth (somatotropin) Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid 33 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone Target Effect General Stimulates body growth Thyroid Stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid (somatotropin) Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 34 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary 35 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Target Effect 36 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Ant. Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Effect 37 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release 38 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary 39 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Ant. Pituitary Prolactin Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol 40 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary Prolactin Mammary 41 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Ant. Pituitary Ant. Pituitary Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH Prolactin Target Effect Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Milk Mammary production & Secretion 42 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary 43 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Target Effect 44 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Effect 45 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Ant. Pituitary Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Target Effect Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm 46 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Target Effect Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary 47 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Target Effect Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm 48 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Target Effect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Ovary & Testes 49 SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY Source Hormone Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Target Effect Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ovary & Testes Stimulates ovulation, production of testosterone 50 SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND Source Hormone Target Effect Pineal Gland 53 SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND Source Hormone Pineal Gland Melatonin Target Effect 54 SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND Source Hormone Target Pineal Gland Melatonin General Effect 55 SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND Source Pineal Gland Hormone Melatonin Target Effect General Biorhythms (sleep vs. wake) (summer vs. winter) Length of days 56 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland 58 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Hormone Thyroid Gland Thyroxin Target Effect 59 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Hormone Target Thyroid Gland Thyroxin General Effect 60 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Thyroid Gland Hormone Thyroxin Target Effect General Stimulates metabolism, growth, development 61 62 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Hormone Target Effect Thyroid Gland 63 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Hormone Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Target Effect 64 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Hormone Target Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone Effect 65 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Thyroid Gland Hormone Calcitonin Target Effect Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown 66 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Thyroid Gland Hormone Calcitonin Target Effect Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland 67 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Thyroid Gland Hormone Calcitonin Target Effect Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Parathyroid Gland Hormone 68 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Thyroid Gland Hormone Calcitonin Parathyroid Parathyroid Gland Hormone Target Effect Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Bone 69 SOURCE = THYROID GLAND Source Thyroid Gland Hormone Calcitonin Parathyroid Parathyroid Gland Hormone Target Effect Bone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Bone Raises calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown 70 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Cortex 73 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Target Effect 74 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Target Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidney Effect 75 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Cortex Hormone Aldosterone Target Effect Reabsorbs Kidney sodium and water 76 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Cortex Hormone Aldosterone Target Effect Reabsorbs Kidney sodium and water Adrenal Cortex 77 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Adrenal Cortex Cortisol Target Effect Reabsorbs Kidney sodium and water 78 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Adrenal Cortex Cortisol Target Effect Reabsorbs Kidney sodium and water General 79 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Cortex Hormone Target Effect Aldosterone Reabsorbs Kidney sodium and water Cortisol Stimulates General Glucose Release Long term stress 80 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Target Effect Adrenal Medulla 81 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Target Effect 83 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Hormone Target Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Effect 84 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Medulla Hormone Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Target Effect Stimulates Liver & Glucose release Muscle Short term stress 85 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Medulla Hormone Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Target Effect Stimulates Liver & Glucose release Muscle Short term stress Adrenal Medulla 86 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Medulla Hormone Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Target Effect Stimulates Liver & Glucose release Muscle Short term stress Adrenal Norepinephrine Medulla (noradrenalin) 87 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Medulla Hormone Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Target Effect Stimulates Liver & Glucose release Muscle Short term stress Adrenal Norepinephrine General Medulla (noradrenalin) Heart 88 SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS Source Adrenal Medulla Hormone Epinephrine (Adrenalin) Target Effect Stimulates Liver & Glucose release Muscle Short term stress Adrenal Norepinephrine General Medulla (noradrenalin) Heart Constrict Blood Vessels Increase Heart Rate 89 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Hormone Target Effect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans 91 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Hormone Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin Target Effect 92 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Hormone Target Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin General Effect 93 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Hormone Insulin Target Effect Lowers blood glucose levels General Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells 94 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Hormone Insulin Target Effect Lowers blood glucose levels General Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans 95 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Hormone Insulin Target Effect Lowers blood glucose levels General Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells Glucagon of Islets of Langerhans 96 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Hormone Insulin Pancreas Alpha Cells Glucagon of Islets of Langerhans Target Effect Lowers blood glucose levels General Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Liver & Fatty Tissue 97 SOURCE = PANCREAS Source Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Hormone Insulin Pancreas Alpha Cells Glucagon of Islets of Langerhans Target Effect Lowers blood glucose levels General Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Raises blood Liver & glucose levels by Fatty stimulating liver to Tissue convert glycogen back into glucose 98 SOURCE = OVARY Source Hormone Target Effect Ovary 99 SOURCE = OVARY Source Hormone Ovary Estrogen Target Effect 101 SOURCE = OVARY Source Ovary Hormone Target Estrogen General Uterus Effect 102 SOURCE = OVARY Source Ovary Hormone Estrogen Target Effect Develop & Maintain secondary female General characteristics Uterus Growth of uterine lining 103 SOURCE = OVARY Source Ovary Hormone Estrogen Target Effect Develop & Maintain secondary female General characteristics Uterus Growth of uterine lining Ovary 104 SOURCE = OVARY Source Ovary Hormone Estrogen Target Effect Develop & Maintain secondary female General characteristics Uterus Growth of uterine lining Ovary Progesterone 105 SOURCE = OVARY Source Ovary Hormone Estrogen Target Effect Develop & Maintain secondary female General characteristics Uterus Growth of uterine lining Ovary Progesterone Uterus 106 SOURCE = OVARY Source Ovary Hormone Estrogen Target Effect Develop & Maintain secondary female General characteristics Uterus Growth of uterine lining Promotes continued Ovary Progesterone Uterus growth of uterine lining 107 SOURCE = TESTES Source Hormone Target Effect Testes 108 SOURCE = TESTES Source Hormone Target Effect Testes Testosterone 110 SOURCE = TESTES Source Hormone Target Effect General & ReprodTestes Testosterone uctive Structures 111 SOURCE = TESTES Source Hormone Target General & ReprodTestes Testosterone uctive Structures Effect Develop & Maintain secondary male characteristics Promotes spermatogenesis 112 VIDEO TUTORIALS ON HORMONES AND GLANDS Teacher Video Crash Course Video NOW THAT YOU KNOW WHAT THEY ARE… Let’s find out how and when they are produced and how the system can be shut off when things are fine. HORMONES & FEEDBACK Hormone levels are regulated through a process called negative feedback When the brain detects an inappropriate level of a certain hormone, it will do things to fix the problem. When the problem is solved, the brain stops trying to fix it. Let’s look at an example. 115 HORMONES & FEEDBACK When insufficient levels of thyroxin in body… 1. the pituitary releases TSH 2. Thyroid then produces Thyroxin 3. Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for pituitary to stop releasing TSH. 4. As a result, thyroxin release stops. 116 HORMONES & FEEDBACK HORMONES & FEEDBACK HORMONES & FEEDBACK HORMONES & FEEDBACK HORMONES & FEEDBACK A DIPLOMA EXAM DIAGRAM 122 HORMONAL CONTROL ASSIGNMENT Using your textbook and class notes, describe each the following disorders by 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. indicating the symptoms identifying the hormones involved identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or hyposecretion. hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism goiter diabetes mellitus 5. gigantism 6. dwarfism 7. acromegaly 123