BIOLOGY 30
The Endocrine System
COMPARISON OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Produces
neurotransmitters
Produces
hormones
Direct
cell to cell
communication
Hormones travel
through blood to their
target
Fast acting
Slow acting
Lasts a short while
Long lasting
2
GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW
Endocrine = Hormone System
Hormones are chemicals produced in
minute amounts
All hormones in body together weigh less than 5
ounces.
3
GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW
Control the slow processes in our bodies
 Rate of growth
 Metabolism
 Development before birth
 Pregnancy, birth process, lactation
 Initiation of puberty & sexual maturity
 Storing & breakdown of food
 Maintaining water & mineral levels
4
GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW

Hormones are chemical messengers
Produced in a gland
 Travel through the blood stream
 Act on a “target” cell.


Hormones are created in glands called
ENDOCRINE glands (“ductless glands”)

Because the glands secrete into the blood stream, not
into a body cavity (exocrine).
5
TYPES OF HORMONES
Local Hormones
1.
•
•
•
•
Not typical hormones
Act immediately on area near secretion
Action is local and rapid
Example = histamines
 Released by tissues when affected by a foreign substance…
pollen…
 Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into tissues
 Inflammation, redness, swelling
6
TYPES OF HORMONES
Circulating Hormones
2.
•
•
•
•
•
Typical
Produced by endocrine glands
Travel through blood
To target cell
Combine with receptor on or in the target cell
 Receptor site is either on the membrane or in cytoplasm
 Initiates a change in the target cell
7
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF
HORMONES
We are concerned with 2 types
Protein or Peptide Hormones
1.
•
•
•
•
Made up of peptide chains or long proteins
Water soluble / lipid insoluble
Cannot cross phospholipid bilayer
Includes hormones from
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary
3. Pancreas
8
Chemical Structure of Hormones
Steroid Hormones
2.
•
•
•
•
Chemically related to cholesterol
Water insoluble / lipid soluble
Can pass right through the cell membrane
Includes

Sex hormones

Thyroxin

Hormones from the adrenal cortex
9
ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ASSIGNMENT

Identify the following endocrine glands on a diagram of a human
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Testes
Ovaries
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Thymus
10
LET’S ZOOM IN
ON THE HEAD.
ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hypothalamus

hormones produced here are secreted into the blood through the
posterior pituitary.
15
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Posterior
Pituitary
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
17
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Posterior
Pituitary
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Pituitary)
18
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Posterior
Pituitary
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Oxytocin
Pituitary)
19
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Posterior
Pituitary
Source
Hormone
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Oxytocin
Pituitary)
Target
Effect
Uterus,
Mammary
20
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Posterior
Pituitary
Source
Hormone
Hypothalamus
Oxytocin
(Posterior
Pituitary)
Target
Effect
Uterus,
Mammary
Uterine
contraction,
milk
secretion
21
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Source
Hormone
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Oxytocin
Pituitary)
Posterior
Pituitary
Target
Effect
Uterus,
Mammary
Uterine
contraction,
milk
secretion
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Pituitary)
22
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Source
Hormone
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Oxytocin
Pituitary)
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Pituitary)
Posterior
Pituitary
Target
Effect
Uterus,
Mammary
Uterine
contraction,
milk
secretion
ADH
23
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Source
Hormone
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Oxytocin
Pituitary)
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Pituitary)
ADH
Posterior
Pituitary
Target
Effect
Uterus,
Mammary
Uterine
contraction,
milk
secretion
Kidney
24
SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS
Source
Hormone
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Oxytocin
Pituitary)
Hypothalamus
(Posterior
Pituitary)
ADH
Posterior
Pituitary
Target
Effect
Uterus,
Mammary
Uterine
contraction,
milk
secretion
Kidney
Water
reabsorption
25
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Ant. Pituitary
26
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
Target
Effect
(somatotropin)
28
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
General
Effect
(somatotropin)
29
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
(somatotropin)
Target
Effect
General
Stimulates
body growth
30
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
(somatotropin)
Target
Effect
General
Stimulates
body growth
Ant. Pituitary
31
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
(somatotropin)
Ant. Pituitary
Target
Effect
General
Stimulates
body growth
Thyroid
Stimulating
Hormone
32
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
Target
Effect
General
Stimulates
body growth
(somatotropin)
Ant. Pituitary
Thyroid
Stimulating
Hormone
Thyroid
33
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant. Pituitary
Growth
Hormone
Target
Effect
General
Stimulates
body growth
Thyroid
Stimulates
release of
thyroxine
from thyroid
(somatotropin)
Ant. Pituitary
Thyroid
Stimulating
Hormone
34
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Ant.
Pituitary
35
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Target
Effect
36
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Ant.
Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Adrenal
Cortex
Effect
37
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Target
Effect
Adrenal
Cortex
Stimulates
“Stress”
Hormone
Release
38
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Target
Effect
Adrenal
Cortex
Stimulates
“Stress”
Hormone
Release
Cortisol
Ant.
Pituitary
39
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Ant.
Pituitary
Prolactin
Target
Effect
Adrenal
Cortex
Stimulates
“Stress”
Hormone
Release
Cortisol
40
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Ant.
Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Adrenal
Cortex
Stimulates
“Stress”
Hormone
Release
Cortisol
Ant.
Pituitary
Prolactin
Mammary
41
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Ant.
Pituitary
Ant.
Pituitary
Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone
ACTH
Prolactin
Target
Effect
Adrenal
Cortex
Stimulates
“Stress”
Hormone
Release
Cortisol
Milk
Mammary production &
Secretion
42
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Ant.
Pituitary
43
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Target
Effect
44
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Ant.
Pituitary
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Ovary &
Testes
Effect
45
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Ant.
Pituitary
Hormone
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Target
Effect
Ovary &
Testes
Growth of
ovarian
follicle,
Production of
Sperm
46
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Target
Effect
Ovary &
Testes
Growth of
ovarian
follicle,
Production of
Sperm
Ant.
Pituitary
47
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Ant.
Pituitary
Luteinizing
Hormone
LH
Target
Effect
Ovary &
Testes
Growth of
ovarian
follicle,
Production of
Sperm
48
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Ant.
Pituitary
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Ovary &
Testes
Growth of
ovarian
follicle,
Production of
Sperm
Ant.
Pituitary
Luteinizing
Hormone
LH
Ovary &
Testes
49
SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Source
Hormone
Ant.
Pituitary
Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone
FSH
Ant.
Pituitary
Luteinizing
Hormone
LH
Target
Effect
Ovary &
Testes
Growth of
ovarian
follicle,
Production of
Sperm
Ovary &
Testes
Stimulates
ovulation,
production of
testosterone
50
SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Pineal
Gland
53
SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND
Source
Hormone
Pineal
Gland
Melatonin
Target
Effect
54
SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND
Source
Hormone
Target
Pineal
Gland
Melatonin
General
Effect
55
SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND
Source
Pineal
Gland
Hormone
Melatonin
Target
Effect
General
Biorhythms
(sleep vs. wake)
(summer vs. winter)
Length of days
56
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Thyroid
Gland
58
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Hormone
Thyroid
Gland
Thyroxin
Target
Effect
59
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Hormone
Target
Thyroid
Gland
Thyroxin
General
Effect
60
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Thyroid
Gland
Hormone
Thyroxin
Target
Effect
General
Stimulates
metabolism,
growth,
development
61
62
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Thyroid
Gland
63
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Hormone
Thyroid
Gland
Calcitonin
Target
Effect
64
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Hormone
Target
Thyroid
Gland
Calcitonin
Bone
Effect
65
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Thyroid
Gland
Hormone
Calcitonin
Target
Effect
Bone
Lowers calcium
levels by
inhibiting bone
breakdown
66
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Thyroid
Gland
Hormone
Calcitonin
Target
Effect
Bone
Lowers calcium
levels by
inhibiting bone
breakdown
Parathyroid
Gland
67
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Thyroid
Gland
Hormone
Calcitonin
Target
Effect
Bone
Lowers calcium
levels by
inhibiting bone
breakdown
Parathyroid Parathyroid
Gland
Hormone
68
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Thyroid
Gland
Hormone
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Parathyroid
Gland
Hormone
Target
Effect
Bone
Lowers calcium
levels by
inhibiting bone
breakdown
Bone
69
SOURCE = THYROID GLAND
Source
Thyroid
Gland
Hormone
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Parathyroid
Gland
Hormone
Target
Effect
Bone
Lowers calcium
levels by
inhibiting bone
breakdown
Bone
Raises calcium
levels by
stimulating bone
breakdown
70
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Adrenal
Cortex
73
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Adrenal
Cortex
Aldosterone
Target
Effect
74
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Target
Adrenal
Cortex
Aldosterone
Kidney
Effect
75
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Cortex
Hormone
Aldosterone
Target
Effect
Reabsorbs
Kidney
sodium and water
76
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Cortex
Hormone
Aldosterone
Target
Effect
Reabsorbs
Kidney
sodium and water
Adrenal
Cortex
77
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Adrenal
Cortex
Aldosterone
Adrenal
Cortex
Cortisol
Target
Effect
Reabsorbs
Kidney
sodium and water
78
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Adrenal
Cortex
Aldosterone
Adrenal
Cortex
Cortisol
Target
Effect
Reabsorbs
Kidney
sodium and water
General
79
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Cortex
Adrenal
Cortex
Hormone
Target
Effect
Aldosterone
Reabsorbs
Kidney
sodium and water
Cortisol
Stimulates
General Glucose Release
Long term stress
80
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Adrenal
Medulla
81
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Adrenal
Medulla
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Target
Effect
83
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Hormone
Target
Adrenal
Medulla
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Liver &
Muscle
Effect
84
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Medulla
Hormone
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Target
Effect
Stimulates
Liver & Glucose release
Muscle
Short term stress
85
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Medulla
Hormone
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Target
Effect
Stimulates
Liver & Glucose release
Muscle
Short term stress
Adrenal
Medulla
86
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Medulla
Hormone
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Target
Effect
Stimulates
Liver & Glucose release
Muscle
Short term stress
Adrenal Norepinephrine
Medulla (noradrenalin)
87
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Medulla
Hormone
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Target
Effect
Stimulates
Liver & Glucose release
Muscle
Short term stress
Adrenal Norepinephrine General
Medulla (noradrenalin)
Heart
88
SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS
Source
Adrenal
Medulla
Hormone
Epinephrine
(Adrenalin)
Target
Effect
Stimulates
Liver & Glucose release
Muscle
Short term stress
Adrenal Norepinephrine General
Medulla (noradrenalin)
Heart
Constrict Blood
Vessels
Increase Heart
Rate
89
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
91
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Hormone
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Insulin
Target
Effect
92
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Hormone
Target
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Insulin
General
Effect
93
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Hormone
Insulin
Target
Effect
Lowers blood
glucose levels
General Stimulates uptake
of glucose into
cells
94
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Hormone
Insulin
Target
Effect
Lowers blood
glucose levels
General Stimulates uptake
of glucose into
cells
Pancreas
Alpha Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
95
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Hormone
Insulin
Target
Effect
Lowers blood
glucose levels
General Stimulates uptake
of glucose into
cells
Pancreas
Alpha Cells
Glucagon
of Islets of
Langerhans
96
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Hormone
Insulin
Pancreas
Alpha Cells
Glucagon
of Islets of
Langerhans
Target
Effect
Lowers blood
glucose levels
General Stimulates uptake
of glucose into
cells
Liver &
Fatty
Tissue
97
SOURCE = PANCREAS
Source
Pancreas
Beta Cells
of Islets of
Langerhans
Hormone
Insulin
Pancreas
Alpha Cells
Glucagon
of Islets of
Langerhans
Target
Effect
Lowers blood
glucose levels
General Stimulates uptake
of glucose into
cells
Raises blood
Liver & glucose levels by
Fatty stimulating liver to
Tissue convert glycogen
back into glucose
98
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Ovary
99
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Hormone
Ovary
Estrogen
Target
Effect
101
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Ovary
Hormone
Target
Estrogen
General
Uterus
Effect
102
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Ovary
Hormone
Estrogen
Target
Effect
Develop & Maintain
secondary female
General
characteristics
Uterus
Growth of uterine
lining
103
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Ovary
Hormone
Estrogen
Target
Effect
Develop & Maintain
secondary female
General
characteristics
Uterus
Growth of uterine
lining
Ovary
104
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Ovary
Hormone
Estrogen
Target
Effect
Develop & Maintain
secondary female
General
characteristics
Uterus
Growth of uterine
lining
Ovary Progesterone
105
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Ovary
Hormone
Estrogen
Target
Effect
Develop & Maintain
secondary female
General
characteristics
Uterus
Growth of uterine
lining
Ovary Progesterone Uterus
106
SOURCE = OVARY
Source
Ovary
Hormone
Estrogen
Target
Effect
Develop & Maintain
secondary female
General
characteristics
Uterus
Growth of uterine
lining
Promotes continued
Ovary Progesterone Uterus
growth of uterine
lining
107
SOURCE = TESTES
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Testes
108
SOURCE = TESTES
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
Testes Testosterone
110
SOURCE = TESTES
Source
Hormone
Target
Effect
General &
ReprodTestes Testosterone
uctive
Structures
111
SOURCE = TESTES
Source
Hormone
Target
General &
ReprodTestes Testosterone
uctive
Structures
Effect
Develop &
Maintain
secondary male
characteristics
Promotes
spermatogenesis
112
VIDEO TUTORIALS
ON HORMONES
AND GLANDS
Teacher Video
Crash Course Video
NOW THAT YOU
KNOW WHAT THEY
ARE…
Let’s find out how and when they are produced
and how the system can be shut off when things
are fine.
HORMONES & FEEDBACK
 Hormone levels are regulated through a process called
negative feedback
 When the brain detects an inappropriate level of a certain hormone,
it will do things to fix the problem.
 When the problem is solved, the brain stops trying to fix it.
 Let’s look at an example.
115
HORMONES & FEEDBACK

When insufficient levels of thyroxin in body…
1.
the pituitary releases TSH
2.
Thyroid then produces Thyroxin
3.
Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for pituitary to stop releasing
TSH.
4.
As a result, thyroxin release stops.
116
HORMONES & FEEDBACK
HORMONES & FEEDBACK
HORMONES & FEEDBACK
HORMONES & FEEDBACK
HORMONES & FEEDBACK
A DIPLOMA EXAM DIAGRAM
122
HORMONAL CONTROL ASSIGNMENT
Using your textbook and class notes, describe
each the following disorders by

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
indicating the symptoms
identifying the hormones involved
identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or
hyposecretion.
hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism
goiter
diabetes mellitus
5. gigantism
6. dwarfism
7. acromegaly
123