ADJECTIVES AND AP
Lecture #2: 2011-02-23
What have we done so far?
REVIEW
REVIEW – AP and ADJECTIVES
• An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase headed by an
ADJECTIVE.
• We analyzed ADJECTIVE PHRASES from several
different perspectives:
• SYNTAX, MORPHOLOGY AND SEMANTICS
– SYNTAX (i.e. their function and position in the sentence):
• INDEPENDENT APs (function as SENTENCE
ELEMENTS/SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS: Cs and Co)
– E.g. Cs: He is happy. Co: The clown made her happy.
• DEPENDENT APs (function as PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES:
modifiers of NPs)
– E.g. [NPA happy dog] is a fed dog.
REVIEW – AP and ADJECTIVE
• SYNTAX (i.e. their function and position in the sentence):
• WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE DEPENDANT APs IN
FRONT OF A NOUN, THEIR ORDER IS FIXED:
• SUBJECTIVE (e.g. beautiful, interesting, boring, etc.)
• OBJECTIVE (size, shape, age, color, participle, origin, material)
• IF THERE IS MORE THAN ONE AP OF THE SAME TYPE: THE
SHORTEST AP (number of syllables) COMES FIRST
• THIS ORDER CAN BE VIOLATED ONLY IF ONE / SOME OF
THE APs IS /ARE VERY LONG (the number of syllables):
[hot] [cute] [handsome] [Italian] [extremely and
amazingly intelligent] guy
REVIEW – AP and ADJECTIVE
• MORPHOLOGY = form of the phrase
• ADJECTIVE PHRASES, regarding their form, can be:
• SIMPLE > HEAD ONLY > e.g. beautiful
• COMPLEX > PREMODIFICATION and/or POSTMODIFICATION
(complementation)
• COMPLEX AP WITH PREMODIFICATION:
• [AP [Advvery] beautiful]
• THE ONLY POSSIBLE PREMODIFICATION FOR AN AP IS AN ADVERB
• COMPLEX AP WITH POSTMODIFICATION:
• beautiful [PPbeyond comprehension]
• beautiful [CL non-finiteenough to be put in the shop window]
• beautiful [CL finite whatever frame you put around it]
REVIEW – AP and ADJECTIVE
• MORPHOLOGY = form of the phrase
• ADJECTIVE PHRASES, if headed by GRADABLE
ADJECTIVES, can express three degrees of comparison:
– POSITIVE (nice)
– COMPARATIVE (nicer)
– SUPERLATIVE (nicest)
• COMPARISON CAN BE:
– to the same degree (He is as clever as he she is.)
– to a higher degree (He is more clever than she is.)
– to a lower degree (He is less clever than she is.)
REVIEW – AP and ADJECTIVE
• SEMANTICS = meaning of the phrase
• ADJECTIVE PHRASES, regarding the meaning expressed
by the head adjective, can be classified according to
three criteria:
– GENERAL SEMANTIC PROPERTY: stative vs. dynamic
– GRADABILITY: gradable vs. non-gradable
– INHERETANCE: inherent vs. non-inherent
• COMPARISON CAN BE:
– to the same degree (He is as clever as he she is.)
– to a higher degree (He is more clever than she is.)
– to a lower degree (He is less clever than she is.)
INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT
• inherent, adj. =a quality that is inherent in
something is a natural part of it and cannot be
separated from it
• Not all adjectives characterize the referent of the
noun directly:
– an old friend ≠ my friend is old
– Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not
characterize the person.
• Adjectives that characterize the referent of the
noun directly are called INHERENT, and those
that do not are called NON-INHERENT.
Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy?
happy girl
happy rock
Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard?
hard Rock
hard rock
Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden?
wooden table
wooden Nichols Cage
And now…
Something that we started last
week, but did not finish it.
EVEN MORE ADJECTIVES!!!
SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOUR OF ADJs
HAPPY:
• Mary is a happy girl.
• A happy girl in the
corner is called Mandy.
• The girl in the corner is
happy.
• The award made her
happy.
UTTER:
• Mary is an utter fool.
• A utter fool can never
comprehend such
complex ideas.
• *The girl in the corner is
utter.
• *The award made her
utter.
SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF
ADJECTIVES (pg. 96) i.e. THEIR
SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR
syntactic classification
of adjectives
CENTRAL
PERIPHERAL
This classification is based on syntactic functions which adjectives can perform.
Adjectives that can have BOTH attributive and predicative function are called CENTRAL. E.g.
a happy girl vs. The girl is happy. / He made her happy.
Adjectives that have EITHER attributive or predicative function are called PERIPHERAL.
E.g. an utter fool vs. *The fool is utter.
SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES
– peripheral adjectives (pg. 96)
PERIPHERAL
ADJECTIVES
attributive
only
predicative
only
PERIPHERAL As: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY
• Adjectives that are attributive only are
adjectives that DO NOT CHARACTERIZE THE
REFERENT OF THE NOUN DIRECTLY.
• In other words: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY
ADJECTIVES ARE TYPICALLY NON-INHERENT.
• Depending on its meaning, a single adjective
can be attributive only, central OR predicative
only.
SENSE 1:
• An old man entered the room. = The man who
entered the room was old. (INHERENT)
SENSE 3:
• An old friend helped me. ≠ The friend who helped
me was old. (NON-INHERENT)
SENSE 5:
• Good old Mum wants some time off. ≠ My Mum is
old. (NON-INHERENT)
PERIPHERAL As: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY
• Adjectives that are attributive only are
adjectives usually CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR
GROUPS.
• INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES
• RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
• ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS
• DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As
• There are adjectives that have a hightening
effect on the noun they modify, or the
reverse, lowering effect. Such adjectives are
called INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES.
• EMPHASIZERS (sheer madness)
• AMPLIFIERS (complete fool)
• DOWNTONERS (slight effort)
MOST OF THEM ARE USUALLY ATTRIBUTIVE
ONLY.
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
DOWNTONERS: ERROR IN THE WORKBOOK
• The adjectives that have a lowering effect, i.e.
DOWNTONER ADJECTIVES are CENTRAL
ADJECTIVES (NOT ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY):
• a slight effort
= The effort was slight.
• a feeble joke
= The joke was feeble.
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
EMPHASIZERS
• The adjectives that have a GENERAL HEIGHTENING
effect, i.e. EMPHASIZER ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE
ONLY:
• a clear failure
≠ The failure was clear.
• sheer arrogance
≠ His arrogance was sheer.
• plain nonsense
≠ The nonsense was plain.
EMPHASIZERS ARE NON-INHERENT.
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
AMPLIFIERS: confusion in the workbook
• The adjectives that SCALE THE MEANING UPWARDS
FROM AN ASSUMED NORM, i.e. AMPLIFIER ADJECTIVES
can be ATTRIBUTVE ONLY OR CENTRAL, depending on
whether they are INHERENT OR NON-INHERENT.
• a complete victory
= The victory was complete. (INHERENT)
• a complete fool
≠ The fool is complete. (NON-INHERENT)
• great destruction
= The destruction was great. (INHERENT)
• a great fool
≠ The fool is great. (NON-INHERENT)
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
• The adjectives that RESTRICT THE REFERENCE OF
THE NOUN EXCLUSIVELY, PARTICULARLY OR
CHIEFLY, are called. RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES and
they are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY:
• the main reasin
≠ The reason was main.
• a certain person
≠ The person was certain.
• the very man
≠ The man was very.
VERY is usually and ADVERB, but it can sometimes
be a RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE, as shown here.
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
• Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM ADVERBS OR
ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS, i.e. ADJECTIVES RELATED
TO ADVERBIALS are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY. They are NONINHERENT.
• my former friend
≠ My friend is former. (~ formerly my friend)
• past students
≠ The students are past. (~students from the past)
• the late president
≠ The president is late.
SOMETIMES an adjective related to adverbials can be
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun
which it modifies.
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
• a good thief
≠ The thief is good. (~ he thieves well)
• a good writer
= The writer is good.
• a poor liar
≠ The liar is poor. (~ he lies poorly)
• the poor man (who went bankrupt)
= The man is poor.
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES
• Adjectives that ARE DERIVED FROM NOUNS, i.e.
DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES are ATTRIBUTVE ONLY.
They are NON-INHERENT.
• a criminal lawyer
≠ The lawyer is criminal.
(~ he specializes in criminal law)
• an atomic scientist
≠ The scientis is atomic.
(~ he specializes in atomic science)
SOMETIMES an adjective related to adverbials can
be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on
the noun which it modifies.
PERIPHERAL As: PREDICATIVE ONLY
• Adjectives that are predicative only are adjectives
usually REFER TO A (TEMPORARY) CONDITION RATHER
THAN CHARACTARIZE THE REFERENT OF THE NOUN.
• There are two groups of predicative only adjectives
(based on their syntactic behavior):
• PREDICTIVE ONLY ADJECTIVES WITHOUT
COMPLEMENTATION
– She is well. ≠ a well she. / ≠ She is well of age.
• PREDICTIVE ONLY ADJECTIVES WITH OPTIONAL
COMPLEMENTATION
– She is afraid of the dark. / She is afraid. ≠ an afraid she
PERIPHERAL As: PREDICATIVE ONLY:
NO COMPLEMENTATION
• Adjectives that are predicative only and do
not tolerate complementation, are most
commonly those referring to health or lack of
health of an animate being.
• FAINT
• WELL
• ILL (mostly in formal BrE)
• UNWELL
• SICK (mostly in formal BrE)
PERIPHERAL As: PREDICATIVE ONLY:
NO COMPLEMENTATION
• Adjectives that are predicative only and can
take optional complementation, are mostly aadjectives.
• able (to)
• afraid (that, of, about)
• aware (of)
• fond (of)
• loath (to)
• tantamount (to)
Now…
… more adjectives.
• Angry with him, she stormed out of the room.
• Uneasy, he just sat and waited to receive a
call.
• When nervous, count to ten. When really
nervous, count to twenty.
• Magnificent!
• How nice of you!
• WHAT ARE THESE STRUCTURES?
• HOW SHOULD WE CLASSIFY THEM?
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96)
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
VERBLESS
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
EXCLAMATORY
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
CONTINGENT
ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES
VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• Uneasy, he just sat and waited to receive a call.
• When the phone finally rang he reached for it, almost
panicky.
• Angry with him, she stormed out of the room.
• Extremely surprised at the outcome of the vote, she
suddenly found herself in front of the journalists.
• Verbless adjective clauses (VAC) are adjective phrases
which have the meaning of a whole clauses.
• They are actually clauses from which the SUBJECT and
THE MAIN VERB HAVE BEEN LEFT OUT:
– (He was) Uneasy, he just sat and waited to receive a call.
• They can be FINAL or INITIAL in the sentence.
VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• Verbless adjective clauses (VAC) should not be
confused with SENTENTIAL ADVERBIALS:
• Nervous, he opened the door. > VAC
• Nervously, he opened the door. > SENTENTIAL
ADVERBIAL
• Angry (with him), she stormed out of the room. > VAC
• Angrily with him, she stormed out of the room. >
ungrammatical
• Angrily, she stormed out of the room. > SENTENTIAL
ADVERBIAL
VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• Verbless adjective clauses (VAC) usually contain
just the head adjective and its postmodification.
• However, sometimes they are introduced by
SUBORDINATORS:
• When nervous, count to ten.
• There berries are edible, but only when fresh.
• If possible, be there on time.
• THESE VERBLESS CLAUSES ARE CALLED
CONTINGENT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.
VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
• Verbless adjective clauses (VAC) can sometimes
be used in complete isolation, as if they were
sentences.
• This is only possible if they are used to express
EMOTIONALLY COLORED STATES.
• Excellent! Nice! Perfect! Magnificent!
• How nice of you! So very kind of you!
• THESE VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ARE
CALLED EXCLAMATORY ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.
DIGRESSION: THE USE OF ADJECTIVES
• Columbia University in the City of New York
(Columbia University)
• Famous alumni include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Theodoere Roosevelt
Franklin Roosevelt
Barack Obama
Warren Buffet
Orhan Pamuk
and more that 40 Nobel-prize laureates
Why is that important?
DIGRESSION: THE USE OF ADJECTIVES
• At Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia
University), in the course entitled “Academic Writing”,
students are instructed that:
• “Adjectives are the enemy of nouns, and adverbs are the
enemy of everything else.”
• Why would anyone say something like that?
• Snap question: Who’s the greatest American writer?
• Most people would say ERNEST HEMINGWAY.
• Hemingway wrote sentences made up solely of nouns and
verbs.
• The resulting student sentences turned out to be starved
of punctuation and severely sparing of word pictures of
action, appearance, aspiration, and feeling— some of the
very functions adjectives fulfill especially well.
• Want to be Hemingway redivivus? Eschew modifiers.
• THINK AGAIN!
DIGRESSION: THE USE OF ADJECTIVES
• Adjectives have long suffered from bad press. The Highly Selective Dictionary of
Golden Adjectives for the Extraordinarily Literate proves that breaking certain
rules can make written and spoken language that much livelier, adding muchneeded color, style, and adornment. With this addition to the popular Highly
Selective series, the "golden" adjective, at last, gets the star treatment it
deserves. From adventitious to zaftig, renowned lexicographer Eugene Ehrlich
has collected more than 850 of the most interesting and engaging adjectives in
the English language and has provided concise definitions and instructive usage
examples. Whether you're a writer, a speaker, or a word buff, this compendious,
trenchant, laudable, and all-around fantabulous volume will help you put
panache back into your prose.
And now…
…the most evil POS of them all..
ADVERBS!!!
FINALLY!!!!!!!!
ADVERBS?
ADVERBS
• Usually, people call them “the short words” or
“insignificant little words”.
• Normally, teachers tell their students that they
can be omitted from the sentence
• Why do they then even exist in a language?
• What do they contribute to the sentence, if
they contribute anything?
• Let’s see…
HE GOT KILLED. (no adverbs)
He nearly got killed.
He got brutally killed.
SHE SLEEPS. (no adverbs)
She hardly ever sleeps.
She sleeps soundly.
INSIGNIFICANT LITTLE WORDS?
HOW TO RECOGNIZE AN ADVERB?
I.E. WHAT IS THEIR FORM?
FORMS OF ADVERBS
DIGRESSION: AmE vs. BrE
or
HOW TO TELL WHAT’S AN Adv AND
WHAT’S AN Adj.
DRIVE ANGRY
THE ADVERB PARADIGM
WHAT IS AN ADVERB PHRASE?
THE ADVERB PHRASE
• The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an
adverb as its head.
• The AdvP can have the following forms:
– AdvP = Adv e.g. carefully
– AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefully
– AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. carefully enough
– AdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it
fast enough to escape
o AdvP = (Adv) Adv PP e.g. (much) better than Bill
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE
ADVERB PHRASE?
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS
(pg. 99)
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION
OF ADVERBS
DEPENDENT (PART
OF OTHER
PHRASES)
INDEPENDENT
ADVERBIAL:
He speaks slowly.
MODIFIER:
extremely slow
very slowly
rather a mess
straight through the wall
over ten victims
COMPLEMENT OF
PREPOSITION:
over here
till then
from inside
INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
INTEGRATED into the
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
PERIPHERAL in the
CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily NON-LINKING:
Primarily LINKING:
Provide speaker’s comment
connect sentences
ADJUNCTS
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.
Never in
my entire
life have I
seen such
a beauty!
NEGATIVE AND LOCATIVE
INVERSION
LOCATIVE INVERSION
• LOCATIVE INVERSION is mainly limited to:
– Adverbials of place
– Verbs such as BE, COME, GO, SIT, LIE, STAND
• LOCATIVE INVERSION is used to put FOCUS on the
subject, which is the most important part of the
sentence.
ADVERBIAL
+VERB
+SUBJECT
Here
comes
the taxi
In the town square
stands
the market hall
Up
went
the prices
NEGATIVE INVERSION
• To EMPHASIZE A NEGATIVE, we can place it AT THE
FRONT OF THE CLAUSE. However, this triggers an
obligatory change of word order, i.e. inversion:
She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage.
→ At no time did she mention her earlier marriage.
He hasn’t once offered to help.
→ Not once has he offered to help.
NEGATIVE INVERSION
2 special cases
• SCARCELY & HARDLY vs. NO SOONER
Scarcely / hardly + PAST PERFECT, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST
Scarcely had I arrived at the station when the train came in.
Scarcely had I passed from them, when I found her whom my soul loveth.
No sooner + PAST PERFECT, THAN + SIMPLE PAST
No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again.
No sooner had I left the house than it started raining.
And now …
… let’s finish (off) adverbs and
adjectives!
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND
ADVERBS
Comparison of ADJs & ADVs
• Comparison is a grammatical means which makes
it possible to express the relative DEGREE of a
property when compared in relation to a
reference value (BASIS OF COMPARISON)
• Comparison of ADJs & ADVs can be analyzed from
two different theoretical viewpoints:
– Morphological analysis (i.e. the analysis of form)
– Semantic analysis (i.e. the analysis of meaning)
• Comparison of ADJs and ADVs is semantically
restricted: ONLY GRADABLE ADJs AND ADVs CAN
BE COMPARED: √faster vs. *deader
COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:
morphological analysis
• Both the ADJECTIVAL PARADIGM and the ADVERB
PARADIGM consist of three forms:
– THE POSITIVE
– THE COMPARATIVE
– THE SUPERLATIVE
(ADJ: e.g. big
;ADV: e.g. well)
(ADJ: e.g. bigger ;ADV: e.g. better)
(ADJ: e.g. biggest ;ADV: e.g. best)
• The comparative and superlative forms can be
inflected (e.g. bigger) or periphrastic (e.g. more
interesting), and the choice between the two is largely
determined by the length of the adjective.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:
morphological analysis (1/2)
• INFLECTED FORMS: monosyllabic adjectives
– big-bigger-biggest
– but (some exceptions): unhappy-unhappier…
• BOTH INFLECTED AND PERIPHRASTIC: disyllabic
adjectives ending in:
–
–
–
–
–
-y: funny
-ow: narrow
-le: gentle
-er/ure: clever
other: common, handsome, polite, quite, wicked…
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES:
morphological analysis (2/2)
• PERIPHRASTIC FORMS:
trisyllabic or longer adjectives
– interesting, more interesting, most interesting
• IRREGULAR COMPARISON:
good, bad, far, old, late, little, well/ill (health)
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS:
morphological analysis
• INFLECTED FORMS: monosyllabic adverbs
– Isn’t it possible for them to come earlier?
– Who jumped highest in last year’s Olympics?
• PERIPHRASTIC FORMS: disyllabic and longer
adverbs
– This book explains things a bit more comprehensively
than the other one.
– The new hotel is the more elegantly designed building
in the city.
• IRREGULAR COMPARISON:
well, badly, far, little, much
COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:
semantic analysis
TYPES OF COMPARISON
Comparison of
Comparison of
equivalence
to a higher
degree
non-equivalence
to a lower
degree
comparison
of sufficiency
comparison
of excess
STRUCTURES USED TO EXPRESS
COMPARISON
• Adjective Phrase with complementation:
– AP=A+PP
John is as tall as Peter.
– AP=A+clause John is as tall as Peter is.
• Adverb Phrase with complementation:
– AdvP=AdvP+PP I can play tennis much better than Joe.
– AdvP=AdvP+cl I play tennis much better than he ever will.
• Noun Phrases with complementation:
– NP=Q+N+PP
– NP=Q+N+cl
I have more friends than Bill.
I have more friends than Bill does.
• Comparative clauses are complement clauses of ADJs, ADVs and Ns used for
expressing comparison:
I love you AdvP [more than you think].
He is not AP [as clever as she is].
She has NP [more friends than you can imagine].
1. Adjectives are a part of speech that:
a) attribute properties to other words.
b) describe nouns.
c) provide detailed information about qualities
that can be expressed by the noun.
d) end in –able and -ic.
e) tell us more about the noun which they
modify.
End
2. Syntactically/grammatically speaking, what is
the best definition of an ADJECTIVE PHRASE:
a) A phrase that describes nouns.
b) A phrase that usually functions as an
attribute or a complement
c) A phrase that is compatible with features of
the noun
d) A phrase that has an adjective as its head.
e) A phrase
End
3. The paradigm of an ADJECTIVE PHRASE has:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
one form.
two forms.
three forms.
four forms.
five forms.
End
4. The paradigm of an ADJECTIVE PHRASE has:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
one form.
two forms.
three forms.
four forms.
five forms.
End
5. The comparative and superlative forms of the
adjective paradigm are only available for:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
stative adjectives.
dynamic adjectives.
gradable adjectives.
non-gradable adjectives.
adjectives ending in –ic, -able, -ful and some.
End
6. Stative adjectives are not compatible with
two verbal categories. They are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
perfective aspect.
progressive aspect.
subjunctive mood.
imperative mood.
indicative mood.
End
7. Because it is possible to say both “Jane is
[happy].” and “Jane is [a [happy] girl].”
Adjectives such as “happy“ are called:
a) versatile.
b) universal.
c) multifunctional.
d) multi-positional.
e) central.
End
8. Because it is not possible to say both “Jane is
[utter].” and “Jane is [an [utter] fool].” Adjectives
such as “utter“ are called:
a) non-versatile.
b) peripheral.
c) monopositional.
d) monofunctional.
e) marginal.
End
9. If one wants to describe a chair as “beautiful”,
“Italian”, “white” and “small”, we can say that
this is:
a) an Italian small white beautiful chair.
b) a small Italian white beautiful chair.
c) a beautiful Italian small white chair.
d) a beautiful white small Italian chair.
e) a beautiful small white Italian chair.
End
10. Semantically, the adjective “good” in a
phrase “a good friend” is:
a) inherent.
b) non-inherent.
End
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!
CU NEXT WEEK!
THE END