Electric Vehicles 101
An Introduction
By Dan Lauber
Nov 13, 2009
EVs 101
Electric Vehicles 101
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A Brief History
Advantages
Challenges
Meeting the Challenge
EV’s Today
EV’s at MIT
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Kinds of Electric Vehicles
Locomotives
Busses
Golf Carts
Nuclear Submarines
Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html, GE, Toyota
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Fork Lifts
Elevators
Kinds of Electric Cars
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Neighborhood
Electric
Solar Racer
MIT CityCar
Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT
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Hybrid
Full-Size
Battery Electric
History of EV’s
 1830’s
 Battery electric vehicle invented by
Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson,
others - using non-rechargeable
batteries
 Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land
speed records until ~1900
 1890’s
 EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1, Oldsmobile
and Studebaker started as EV companies
 1904
 First speeding ticket, issued to driver of
an EV
 Krieger Company builds first hybrid
vehicle
Ford Electric #2
 1910’s
 Mass-produced Ford cars undercut
hand-built EV’s
 EV’s persist as status symbols and utility
vehicles until Great Depression
Source: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html
Detroit Electric
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1968 – Great Electric Car Race
 Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech
 53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart
 MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008
dollars), CalTech’s cost $600
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1970 - Clean Air Car Race
50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech
using many alternative powertrains
CalTech – Regenerative braking
Boston Electric Car Club – Battery
Swapping
Toronto University – Parallel hybrid
design very similar to modern Prius
architecture
MIT – Series hybrid and electrically
commutated motor
Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html
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1990’s – EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car?
AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY?
 Program cost > $1bn
 800 units leased
 $574/mo. Lease without
state rebates
 2 seats
 80-140 mi. range
MSRP
Real Pricetag
$33,999
$80,000+
(estimated)
GM’s actual cost
per vehicle leased
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1
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$1,250,000
What is an EV?
And how does it work?
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Electrification
Conventional
Hybrid
Battery Electric
Fuel
Battery
Fuel
Battery
Engine
Motor/
Generator
Engine
Motor/
Generator
Transmission
Transmission
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Transmission
Degrees of Hybridization
The vehicle is a….
If it…
Micro
Hybrid
Mild
Hybrid
Full
Hybrid
Plug-in
Hybrid
Citroën C3
Honda Insight
Toyota Prius
Chevy Volt
Automatically stops/starts the engine
in stop-and-go traffic
Uses regenerative braking and
operates above 60 volts
Uses an electric motor to assist a
combustion engine
Can drive at times using only the
electric motor
Recharges batteries from a wall outlet
for extended all-electric range
Efficiency
Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html
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Energy Loss : City Driving
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance
2005 3 L Toyota Camry
Standby
8%
Fuel Tank
100%
Engine
Aero
3%
16%
Driveline
Driveline
Losses
3%
Engine Loss
76%
POWERTRAIN
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13%
Rolling
4%
Braking
6%
VEHICLE-Related
Energy Loss : Highway Driving
Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance
2005 3 L Toyota Camry
Standby
0%
Fuel Tank:
100%
Engine
Aero
10%
23%
Driveline
Driveline
Losses
4%
Engine Loss
77%
POWERTRAIN
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19%
Rolling
7%
Braking
2%
VEHICLE-Related
Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems
Micro Hybrid
Eliminates
Standby
8%
Fuel Tank:
100%
Engine
Engine Loss
76%
Full Hybrid
Reduces
Plug-in
Aero
3%
16%
Driveline
13%
Rolling
4%
Braking
6%
Driveline
Losses
3%
•Engine downsizing
•Decoupling of engine and wheel
•Can eliminate engine entirely
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Mild Hybrid
Reduces
Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance
90%
Batteries
100%
76%
Motor
Driveline
Motor Loss
10%
Driveline
Losses
14%
POWERTRAIN
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Aero
29%
Rolling
35%
Braking
11%
VEHICLE-Related
Well-to-Wheels Efficiency
Well-to-Tank
Generation
33%
Tank-to-Wheels
Transmission
94%
31%
31%
Refining
82%
Source: http://www.nesea.org
23%
Plug-to-Wheels
76%
76%
Transmission
98%
80%
Pump-to-Wheels
16%
80%
13%
16%
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[http://www.nesea.org/]]
= 23%
= 13%
How PHEV’s Work
 All-electric range
 Get home with exactly
no battery left
 Charge-sustaining
mode
[Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]
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Technical
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What is an EPA rating?
 Conditions
 Drive cycle: e.g. city or
highway cycle, realworld, or constant
speed
 Test temperature
 Start: (warm or cold)
Fuel: convert to
gasoline-equivalent
 Test mass: (accounts for
passengers and cargo)
 MPGe rating
 PHEV’s
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Terminology
 State of charge (SOC)
 Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity
 Depth of Discharge (DOD)
 The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged
 Capacity
 The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is
discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100%
SOC
 Energy
 The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is
discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100%
SOC
 Specific Energy (Wh/kg)
 The total Watt-hours (Wh) per unit mass
 Specific Power
 Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit
mass, function of internal resistance of battery
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Benefits
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Benefits of EVs and PHEVs
 More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower
emissions
 Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts
 Fuel Choice
 Oil/energy independence
 Emissions improve with time
 Emissions at few large locations is easier to
control than millions of tailpipes
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V2G (Vehicle to Grid) Technology
 Allows communication between utility and vehicle
 Allow integration of more renewables like wind
 Used EV batteries could be used as stationary
batteries for utilities
 With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing
electricity sales and expensive renewable energy
generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new
segment for utilities
 They could still be a nightmare
 Batteries could provide ancillary services
Source: McKinsey
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Night-time Charging
30000
25000
MW Demand
.
20000
15000
10000
5000
Peak wind power
production
0
7:12 AM
12:00 PM
4:48 PM
9:36 PM
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2:24 AM
7:12 AM
12:00 PM
Electricity Sources
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Power Grid Capacity
When BEV’s represent 20% of the vehicle market,
they comprise only 2% of the power market
Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid
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Operating Costs
Battery Electric Vehicle
On-board energy consumption
300 Wh/mile
Charging Efficiency
90%
Electricity consumption
333 Wh/mile
Electricity Cost
10 cents/mile
Driving Cost (electricity only)
3.3 cents/mile
Conventional Gasoline Vehicle
Fuel economy
25 MPG
Fuel Cost
$2.00/gallon
Driving Cost (fuel only)
8.0 cents/mile
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At 15,000 miles/year, you would
save $700/year on fuel
The estimated price range for
advanced batteries is
$500 - $1,000 per kWh
~ buying 1 kWh of battery
energy (~3 miles of electric
range) each year
CO2 Emissions
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Biofuels vs. Biomass, Solar
 Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient
than Biofuel
 Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your
roof.
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Challenges
Why don’t they catch on? A conspiracy?
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Gasoline: The (almost) perfect fuel
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
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Energy Equivalency
Gas
1 Gallon
Batteries
21 Li-ion batteries
(Car battery size)
135 MJ
of energy
340
kg
2.7 kg
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54 gal
Challenges
 Limited Range
 Large battery weight/size
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Long Charge times
High initial cost
Battery life
Consumer acceptance
Grid Integration
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Operating Costs
 In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough,
 In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive
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Addressing customer perception
 Accepting limited range
 Most people drive less than 40 mi/day
 Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway
 Smaller vehicles & reduced performance
 In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency
improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size
and performance, not reducing consumption
 How do you get people to charge at the right
time?
Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al.
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Meeting the
Challenges
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Range Anxiety
 Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging
Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/
EVs 101
Better Place Model
Business plan like that of
mobile phone
Better Place owns the
batteries, the consumer
pays for energy (miles)
Plan includes charging
stations and battery
swapping
So far: Israel, Denmark
Australia, California,
Hawaii, and Canada
100,000 charging stations
planned for Hawaii by
2012
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Rapid Charging
 Batteries
 Altairnano
 A123
 Balance of system
 Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many
 Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand
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Batteries
 Lithium sources
 We’re not Lithium constrained
 Abundant
 Recyclable
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Recycling – 90% recoverable
Extending battery life
Battery management systems
Weight/Volume reductions
Alternative chemistries
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Battery Cost : Learning Curves
Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve
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Initial Cost
 Companies that sell cars, but lease the
batteries
 Leases like Power Purchase Agreements
 Split operating cost savings with financer
 Charging Infrastructure
 Charging subscription plans
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2008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit
100
Tax Credit Value
Battery Cost (Low)
Battery Cost (Mid)
Battery Cost (High)
Electric Range (Estimate)
$14,000
$12,000
90
80
70
60
$8,000
50
$6,000
40
30
$4,000
20
$2,000
10
$0
0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Battery Energy (kWh)
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20.0
25.0
Miles
$10,000
Adoption Rate of EV’s
Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009
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Looking Forward
 Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold
will be BEV’s
 Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by
2015, but still too high.
 Price Premium
 PHEV40
$11,800 > ICE
 EV100 $24,100 > ICE
 Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s
 PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs
 A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035
*Heywood
 47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey
Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ;
http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html
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EVs NOW
When can I get one?
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EV’s Today
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Tesla Roadster
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Top speed:
125 mph
Acceleration:
0-60 in 3.7 sec
Range:
244 mi
MSRP:
$110,000
EV’s Available Soon
Fisker Karma (PHEV50)
$87,900 Delivery 2010
Tesla Model S
$57,400 Delivery ~2012
2011 Chevy Volt (PHEV40)
$40,000
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EV’s Available Soon
2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV
$24,000 (Japan)
Th!nk City
~$25,000 (europe)
2010 Nissan Leaf
$25,000 (30 min charge)
And many others…
2010 Aptera 2e
~$25,000 (PHEV100)
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@MIT
EVs Around the Institute
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MIT Electric Vehicle Team (EVT)
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Porsche
elEVen
eMoto
TTXGP
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MIT EVT
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MIT Vehicle Design Summit
 Student team working
towards a 100+ mpg vehicle
 Series hybrid architecture
 Lightweight body and
chassis
 Life cycle cost analysis and
minimization
 Shared use model for
transportation efficiency
 Contact Anna Jaffe,
ajaffe@mit.edu
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MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team
 Founded in 1985
 Design, build and race
solar cars
 Just placed 2nd in the
10th World Solar
Challenge
 mitsolar.com
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MIT Vehicle Stuff
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EVT
SEVT
Vehicle Design Summit
Transportation @ MIT
Sloan Lab Seminars
Media Lab – City Car, course
Spinoffs
 A123
 Solectria
 Genasun
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Thank You
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“No single technology development or alternative fuel can solve the problems
of growing transportation fuel use and GHG emissions.” – John Heywood

Dan Lauber – djlauber@mit.edu
http://mit.edu/evt
EVs 101