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Christianity had become the main religion of the Roman
Empire
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Spread to other parts of Europe
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Christianity appealed to many during the medieval times since many peoples lives were filled with suffering and hardship and Christianity offered them the promise of a happy afterlife
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Christendom = a Christian society that included most of western Europe

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The Church developed a system of organization
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Priest was the head of a local community called a parish
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Bishop – in charge of a group of parishes, area of authority called a bishopric or dioceses
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Archbishop – watches over a group of bishoprics
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The pope was the head of the entire Roman Catholic
Church – formerly the Bishop of Rome
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Monk – a man who separates himself from everyday life to dedicate himself entirely to God, lives in a monastery run by an abbot
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Spent lots of time in prayer and physical labor, took a vow of poverty
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Women who dedicated themselves to God were called nuns and lived in convents

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In response, Pope Leo excommunicated the patriarch
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Excommunicate = to cast out of the Church
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This led to a split: those who agreed with Pope Leo were Roman Catholics and those who sided with the patriarch were called Orthodox
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The issue of investiture also brought conflict
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Investiture = awarding a church office
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Lay investiture = the practice by which secular rulers appoint nominees to church offices
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Pope against this, he feels that only the Church should appoint clergy and run its own affairs
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Also believed that the pope ’ s authority extended over all rulers

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If secular rulers did not accept this, then the pope would remove them
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Investiture Controversy – conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman
Emperor IV over who had the right to choose bishops
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Henry responded that the pope had no authority over him
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Pope Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry and calling on the nobles of Germany to replace him
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A later pope and emperor finally reached a compromise – local clergy would choose bishops, but their choices could be vetoed by secular rulers

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Pope Innocent III strengthened papal power and believed that the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs
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Used the interdict to exercise his powers
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An interdict forbids priests to give the sacraments
(Christian rites) to a particular group of people
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A pope used an interdict against a country whose ruler has disobeyed him
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People under interdiction lost the comforts and blessings of religion
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They exerted pressure on their ruler to follow the pope ’ s wishes

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Heresy = denial of basic Church doctrines, or beliefs that opposed the official teachings of the Church
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People who committed heresy were called heretics and were usually burned at the stake
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The Inquisition was a court created by the Catholic
Church to find and try heretics
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Used torture and heretics who converted to Catholicism were freed, while others were killed
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The Spanish Inquisition was the most brutal and was still operating in the
1800s
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The two groups it went after the most were Jews and Muslims

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Piety had greatly increased in Europe around 1000
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Piety = a person ’ s level of devotion to religion
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Sacraments of the Catholic Church were very important to ordinary people
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Made people dependent on the clergy, who were the only people who could give sacraments
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Venerating the saints was also important
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Would pray to them
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Worshipped and bought relics, because they thought relics could produce miracles such as healing or help you get to heaven
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Relics = are bones of saints or objects connected with saints
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Many Christians also believed that a pilgrimage to a holy shrine produced a spiritual benefit

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King Philip engineered to have a Frenchman, Clement V, elected pope
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This new pope established himself in the French city of Avignon, not Rome, and the popes lived there from 1305 to 1377 (called the Babylonian
Captivity)
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This didn ’ t seem proper, so Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome
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When he died, the citizens of Rome told the cardinals to elect an Italian pope or face the consequences – they elected Urban VI
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However, a group of French cardinals declared the election invalid and chose a Frenchman as pope and this pope went to Avignon
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There were now 2 popes

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This was called the Great Schism of the Church and lasted from 1378 to 1417, dividing Europe religiously and damaging the Church
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Each pope denounced the other as the Antichrist and people ’ s faith in the papacy was shaken
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Another pope was elected to help fix things, but that didn ’ t work and now there were 3 popes
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Finally in 1417 a new pope was elected who was acceptable to everyone
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This led to a call for the end to the clergy ’ s corruption and the papacy ’ s excessive power
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By the early 1400s the pope could no longer assert supremacy over the state

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From the 11 th to 13 th centuries, European Christians went on the Crusades
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims who were known as infidels (non-believers)
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The goal of each Crusade was to take Jerusalem and the surrounding area away from the Muslims
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Many Christians believed that Jesus would only come again once Christians held Jerusalem
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The Muslims also considered Jerusalem holy
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The First Crusade started when Muslim Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire

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The Byzantine Emperor asked for help and Pope Urban II responded by urging
Christians to take up arms in a holy war (1095)
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Slogan: “ God wills it!
”
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Two groups set out for the Crusade
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Peasant Crusaders – slaughtered entire Jewish communities on the way to Jerusalem
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Most died quickly when they did reach the Holy Land
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Trained knights – even they were still unprepared for the hardship
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Three years after heading out, the Crusaders finally reached Jerusalem

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Captured Jerusalem and killed most of its inhabitants
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Set up four Latin Crusader states that were surrounded by Muslims and were intended to be strongholds against future Muslim aggression
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Second Crusade
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A few years later the Muslims began to recapture lands
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The Second Crusade is organized after one of the Latin Crusader states falls to the Muslims
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The Crusade was launched in 1147 and included King Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine
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It was a complete failure – took no lands from Muslims

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Third Crusade
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A new leader emerges among the Muslims – Salah ad-Din, whom the
Europeans call Saladin
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His goal was to recapture the Holy Land
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In 1187 he captured Jerusalem
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Due to this, the Third Crusade is launched and three strong leaders set out together: King Richard of England, King Philip Augustus of France, and
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany
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Only Richard made it to and fought in the Holy Land
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Richard and Saladin fought fiercely against each other and although Richard won several battles, he was not able to take Jerusalem

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Richard instead negotiates an agreement with Saladin for Christian pilgrims to be allowed to go into Jerusalem and he returns home
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Fourth Crusade
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Started by Pope Innocent III after Saladin dies
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Crusaders set out again to recapture Jerusalem in
1201
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The Crusaders found that they could not afford to pay the Venetians, who were supposed to take them to the Holy Land
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In place of payment, the Crusaders attacked a city held by the Christian king of Hungary for the
Venetians

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The pope was furious and excommunicated them all for attacking a Christian city
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The Crusaders continued on towards the Holy Land, but ended up attacking
Constantinople instead
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Children ’ s Crusade
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Nicholas of Cologne brings thousands of children to the pope, saying that
God has inspired him to lead the children to the Holy Land
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The pope sends them home
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At the same time, seven ships carrying 20,000 French children sails for the
Holy Land
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Two ships sink and the other five ships reach North
Africa, where the rest of the children were sold into slavery

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Effects of the Crusades
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There were nine Crusades launched from 1096 to 1291 – the First Crusade was the only successful one
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The Crusades increased trade and some Italian cities benefited economically
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Lots of money and manpower spent on the Crusades
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Led to the deaths of many knights and nobles
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Kings gained power as they took over unoccupied lands
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Brought knowledge of Muslim culture to Europe
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Began to view all non-Christians as enemies
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Undertaking holy wars against Muslims while the
“ murderers of Christ ” ran free at home

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Massacres of Jews became a feature of medieval
European life, anti-Semitism increases
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Anti-Semitism = hostility towards Jews
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Breeds centuries of mistrust between Christians and Muslims

Crusade
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Children ’ s
Reason For People Involved Result