Chapter 5
(Section 1 & Slavery)
Reviewing the 13 Colonies

The New England
Colonies

The Middle
Atlantic Colonies

The Southern
Colonies
The New England Colonies
Founded for Religious Reasons
 Made up of mostly people from England

New Hampshire
 Massachusetts
 Rhode Island
 Connecticut

New England Colony
Cold climate, short growing season, and
rocky soil
 Small farms for families
 Few slaves; slaves were mostly house
servants
 Most people lived in small towns where
church was very important
 Because reading the Bible was so
important public education became a law.

New England Economy
Industry was the main economic activity.
 Because of New England’s many natural
harbors fishing, sea trade and ship
building were big businesses
 New England is the most urbanized colony
in the New World with numerous cities.
 The largest city ports include Boston,
Providence and Newport.

The Middle Atlantic Colony
Founded for religious reasons
 Made up of English, Dutch, Swedish,
German, Scots-Irish people

New York (Dutch)
 New Jersey (Variety)
 Delaware (Swedish)
 Pennsylvania (English)

The Middle Atlantic Colony
Moderate climate, Medium growing
season, and rich soil
 Small farms for families / large farms for
profit
 Many slaves work for cash crops (profit)
 No requirement for public education but
many were educated with private tutors
and at churches

Middle Atlantic Economy
Agriculture is the main economic activity:
wheat, oats, corn and timber (ships,
wagons and barrels)
 Industry is the second economic activity:
manufacturing timber, mining for iron ore
and mineral processing
 Urban and rural: most people live in small
towns but the few cities that are here are
the largest in the New World = New York
and Philadelphia

Southern Colonies
Founded for economic and defense
reasons.
 Made up of English, African, Scots-Irish

Virginia
 Maryland
 North Carolina
 South Carolina
 Georgia

The Southern Colony
Warm climate, Long growing season, and
rich soil
 Small farms for families / huge plantations
for profit
 Huge populations of slaves work for cash
crops (profit)
 Very few children ever received education
– except rich

The Southern Economy
Agriculture is the main economic activity
 Virginia and Maryland = tobacco
 Georgia and South Carolina = rice and
indigo
 Most rural colony – Charleston is only port
city

Life in Georgia
As a Proprietary Colony
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The first settlers faced a wilderness full of
unpleasant hot summers, biting bugs and strange
plants and animals.
Thousands died, many left for other colonies or
Europe, others stayed and prospered.
Georgians developed an agrarian culture
(centered around farming) and small
communities.
Survival is the aim and hard work is the rule.
People in Georgia
Most people were from England, Africa,
Scotland or Ireland; however, many
people were from Wales, Germany,
Portugal, Switzerland and France.
 These people all had different religions but
managed to live among each other
peacefully for the most part.
 Let’s look at 2 certain groups of people:

Africans Come to America
The first African in the Americas was Juan
Canaries – a free black crew member on
Columbus’s first voyage in 1492.
 Africans participated in most Spanish
explorations and military expeditions to
America.
 Some Africans were free, most were
slaves.

Slavery



Slavery has existed for thousands of years. The
pyramids in Egypt were built by them. Making
slaves of enemies captured during battle – often
women and children was practices around the
world.
African tribes fought each other constantly and
would capture slaves during battles. They would
often sell these people to Europeans for guns,
rum and other goods.
In some situations slaves were freed after a
period of time (Spain); in others, they were
slaves for life.
Slavery in the American Colonies


Read p. 93 Primary
Source
Slave Ship Activity
Slavery in Georgia
Read p. 94-96
 Answer Questions
p. 96 #2-5

Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony

1752 Georgia becomes a Royal Colony
Royal Governor
(Assigned by the King)
Upper House
Lower House
(Assigned by the Gov.) (elected by the people)



Only white males owning at least 50 acres could vote in the
Assembly elections.
Members of the assembly had to own at least 500 acres.
They approved land grants, made laws, and acted as
judges.
Finally… A Governor that Works
John Reynolds (asked to leave)
 Henry Ellis (asks to leave)
 Sir James Wright (loved by all – and
stays)

Section 2
French & Indian War
 American Revolution

Georgia’s First Royal Governor and First
Government
The bicameral (two-chamber – upper and
lower house) legislature was set up to
represent the 8 parishes (COUNTIES) of
the colony.
 A parish was both a church and a British
government district from which people
were taxed.
 A court system was set up and people
would go before the Court of Conscience.

The First Real World War
“The French & Indian War”



The same year that Georgia
got it’s first Royal Governor
Great Britain and France went
to war over their world
empires.
Because many Indians fought
on the side of France, British
colonist called the war the
“French and Indian War”
when it was actually between
the “French and British”.
Great Britain and France were
a good match because Great
Britain had the greatest navy
in the world and France had
the best army and
experienced military leaders.
War Erupts!!

Read pg. 143 – 144 in the blue book
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Land Changes Hands
Impact of French & Indian on
Georgia
Georgia did not fight in the war but
benefited from it.
 Treaty of Paris (1763) set Georgia’s
western boundary at Mississippian River.
(Thanks Frenchy!)

Proclamation of 1763
Now Great Britain had a bunch of land here in the New
World and a very large debt that had resulted from fighting
in the French and Indian War.
 The Proclamation of 1763:
 1. Created 4 new colonies: Quebec (Canada), Grenada
(Caribbean's), East Florida and West Florida.
 2. Reserved all land west of the Appalachian Mountains for
the Indians
 3. Georgia’s southern boundary was extended to the St.
Mary’s River
KNOW THIS MAN!!

Meanwhile, back in Georgia…

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For 10 years - things are
going great! No threat of
French or Spanish.
Creeks cede 2 million acres to
Georgia.
Under Headright System
Georgia gives land away to
get people to come to the
colony.
Governor James Wright and
the two houses work together
to promote economic growth
in Georgia.
More schools, more literacy
and many books and
newspapers are being sold.



People called “Crackers” move
into Georgia. Crackers are
were viewed as “low class”
people who broke laws and
were poor. They were not
welcome in the colony.
A greater number of
Georgians who were not
wealthy began asking for a
voice in the government. This
could not be done as long as
Georgia belonged to Great
Britain.
Many other colonist were
finding reason to want to
become independent from
Great Britain as well.
The Tension Builds
The French and Indian War had created
debt, and Great Britain needed money to
pay soldiers to protect the colonies – so
they began to tax the colonist.
 They also begin to pass strict laws and
started enforcing old laws.

Paying For The War And The
Soldiers



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The Navigation Act – colonist can only ship
their goods on British ships (Britain's
mercantilism policies)
The Sugar Act – tax placed on sugar and
molasses imported from the West Indies
The Stamp Act – tax placed on newspapers,
legal documents and license
The Townshend Act – tax tea, paper, glass, and
coloring for paints.
Resentment & Conflict



1. These taxes were imposed by the British
parliament – WHO THE COLONIST COULDN’T
EVEN VOTE FOR!
2. Colonists were supposed to be treated as
British citizens – BUT IF ACCUSED OF
SMUGGLING – THEIR HOMES COULD BE
SEARCHED WITH NO WARRANT!
3. They could be brought before a British
military court – AND FOUND GUILTY WITHOUT
HAVING A TRIAL!
Anger Among the Colonist


Northern colonies were much more angry with Great Britain
than the southern colonies because they were effected
more by the taxes. Also, most of the people from the north
were actually born here and not in Great Britain (didn’t feel
as loyal to the crown) because the northern colonies were
older.
In the North – contempt grows as Britain sends in more
troops. In 1770, several British soldiers are booed and
eggs are thrown at them in the streets of Boston. British
soldiers opened fire killing 5 people and wounding 6. It
became known as the Boston Massacre – and when other
colonist heard about it – people began to rise up in rage.
And another thing…


The East India Tea Company began to go
bankrupt and Britain passed a law (The Tea Act
1773) that American colonist could only buy tea
from them.
In December, a group of Patriots, The Sons of
Liberty, dressed up like Mohawk Indians, boarded
3 British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into
the Boston Bay. The “Boston Tea Party”
infuriated the British.
1st Continental Congress
Philadelphia 1774
 All colonies, except GA gathered to protest
the Intolerable Acts
 Anti-British colonists in GA were still
bickering over which GA
parish would have the
most power.

It’s On…
After the Intolerable Acts were passed a Continental
Congress, with delegates from all colonies except
Georgia, met in Philadelphia and agreed to boycott all
British goods. People openly loyal to Britain were tarred
and feathered. Finally, on April 19th, 1775, the
Massachusetts “middlemen” and British troops battled at
Lexington and Concord. It was later described as the
“shot heard around the world”. News of the battles
spread quickly through the colonies. Colonial assemblies
voted to raise militias and the war for American
Independence began.
 Watch Countdown to Independence

Did Georgian’s Care?


Georgia was much younger than the other
American colonies and didn’t have the
history of self-government. Many people
on the coast had also gotten wealthy
trading with the British. Under Sir James
Wright Georgians had grown wealthy and
prospered. In the backcountry Georgians
were more likely to want independence however as events began to turn – even
on the coast support for the “mother
country” began to wane.
http://ourgeorgiahistory.com/wars/Revolution/actsofwar.ht
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Georgia Divided
(Georgia divides into the…)

-
Whigs (later Patriots)
Anti-British Georgians
The Liberty Boys
(A.K.A. The Liberty Brawlers)
Part of the Sons of Liberty
group in Boston, these
Georgians met in taverns
and came to represent the
spirit of the Revolution.
Tories (later Loyalists)
- Supporters of Britain

The Second Continental Congress

On May 10, 1775, the members of the Second Continental
Congress met at the State House in Philadelphia. There
were several new delegates including: John Hancock from
Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, and Benjamin
Franklin from Pennsylvania. The Second Continental
Congress meeting started with the battle of Lexington and
Concord fresh in their memories. The New England militia
were still encamped outside of Boston trying to drive the
British out of Boston. The Second Continental Congress
established the militia as the Continental Army to represent
the thirteen states. They also elected George Washington
as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army.
Georgia Makes Other
Colonies Mad

Georgia was absent for the first few days but on
May 13, 1775, Lyman Hall of Midway arrived in
an unofficial capacity. The other colonies were
furious with Georgia because it did not seem very
supportive. Some members of Congress wanted
to punish the youngest colony. Shortly there
after, in July, Georgia decided to join the fight for
Independence. The Liberty Boys imprisoned the
Sir James Wright – a month later allowing him to
escape to a waiting British battle ship.
War Begins

The Revolutionary War officially began
with the battles of Lexington and Concord
in Massachusetts.
Declaration of Independence
 On
July 4th, 1776, the Second
Continental Congress approved the
Declaration of Independence written
by Thomas Jefferson. The names of
three Georgians, Lyman Hall,
George Walton, and Button
Gwinnett – appeared on the left
side of the document right below
the famous John Hancock signature.
Following ideas:

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1. All men are created equal.
2. Everyone is born with certain rights
that gov’t can’t take away – life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness.
3. Government gets it power from the
people.
The people can do away with a
government they no longer approve of.
It proclaimed “These united colonies are
… Free Independent states.”
Georgians Suit Up or Leave

Some Georgians still did not agree with
the revolution and returned to Great
Britain. The rest of Georgia joined the
fight assembling militias and sending food
and ammunition to the Continental Army.
Patriots fired canons and staged a mock
funeral for King George III.
The Constitution of 1777
2.
3.
Georgia’s First Constitution
1.
Did away with parishes and named
Georgia’s first 8 counties: Burke,
Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn,
Richmond, Wilkes and Liberty.
Created a “Unicameral” legislature with
all powers, who selected the governor.
Governor can only hold office for 1 year.
Battle of Kettle Creek
Early in 1779, Kettle Creek – Wilkes,
County – Lt. Elijah Clarke led a force of
Georgia patriots in an attack against
British loyalists. Aided by South Carolina,
the patriots scattered the Tories, killing
the commander.
 This battle is said to have ended the
British domination of Georgia.

Siege of Savannah

During the fall of 1779, patriots aided by
France, which had joined the American
side – tried desperately to retake
Savannah. An American army and a
French fleet laid siege to the city for 3
weeks. After a fierce bombardment, the
Americans attempted to take the city by
storm. In a daring calvary charge, Count
Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who
had come to America to help the patriots,
was killed. The attack failed. 1000 men
were killed.
Articles of the Confederation
The first constitution of the United States
Let’s look at the famous
Georgians…
Button Gwinnett
 Dr. Lyman Hall
 Georgia Walton
 Elijah Clarke
 Nancy Hart
 Austin Dabney

Button Gwinnett
Button Gwinnett is now famous as one of the
three Georgia signers of the Declaration of
Independence. His signature, because it is rare,
is one of the most valuable in the world. But
Gwinnett lived in Georgia for over ten years
before rising to prominence. Born in 1735,
Gwinnett became involved in politics and would
die in a famous duel with his adversary, Colonel
M’Intosh.

Dr. Lyman Hall


When Lyman Hall signed the Declaration of
Independence, he was 52 years old--twice as
old as George Walton and over a decade older
than Button Gwinnett. But Hall's passion in
promoting American rights belied his age, for
he was one of the earliest instigators for
liberty.
Born in Wallingford, Connecticut, on April 12,
1724, Lyman Hall came from old Puritan stock
that had lived there for several generations.
He first studied theology at Yale and served
briefly as pastor of a Congregational church.
His main interest turned to medicine,
however, which he actively practiced by the
time he moved to South Carolina in 1756 or
1757. In 1760 he was granted land in Georgia
in St. John's Parish, near Midway, where he
established a rice plantation, Hall=s Knoll, and
built a home in the adjacent port of Sunbury.
Two years later he returned to South Carolina
and practiced medicine in Pon Pon, but had
returned to Georgia by 1774, actively
promoting American independence.
George Walton

One of three Georgians to
sign the Declaration of
Independence, George
Walton served in numerous
capacities for the state of
Georgia after the American
Revolution, including
governor of Georgia in 1779.
Elijah Clarke

Elijah Clarke was born and grew up in South Carolina,
probably of Scottish-Irish parents. He eventually migrated
to Wilkes County, Georgia and joined the militia shortly
before the American Revolution broke out. He began the
war serving with Andrew Pickens. He saw action in
various skirmishes and small battles at Alligator Creek,
Kettle Creek, Green Spring, Cedar Springs and Musgrove's
Mill.
In September 1780, Colonel Clarke is part of a failed
attempted to retake Augusta, Georgia, an event which
reignites Loyalist vengence in Georgia. He then saw action
with Thomas Sumter against Lt. Colonel Banastre
Tarleton at Blackstocks. In April 1781, Clarke and
Andrew Pickens began a successful siege of Augusta,
which ended in June. After the war, he remained in the
militia and fought Indians in 1781.
Clarke was given a plantation, later defeating Indians
again and retired a Brigadier General. He next began
service with the French minister to the US in a scheme to
gain control of West Florida. 1794, he set up the short
lived Transoconee Republic. Later on, he was rumored to
be involved with new schemes over West Florida and the
Yazoo Land Fraud, but in spite of all his dubious postwar
pursuits, he died in 1799 still a revered hero.
Nancy Hart


Little is known about the early life of
Nancy Morgan, but she is believed to
have been born in North Carolina. She
and her husband, Benjamin Hart, moved
first to South Carolina around 1771, and
then to Georgia where they settled on the
Broad River, near Elberton. During the
Revolutionary War the spying and other
exploits of Nancy Hart, a fierce patriot,
earned her a reputation for
combativeness that the neighboring
Cherokees named her “Wahatchee,” or
“War Woman.” The most famous episode
involved varying accounts about a group
of Tories who invaded her home. She
served food and liquor to catch them off
guard, then killed one, wounded another
and held the rest at gunpoint until her
husband and neighbors arrived. Nancy
Hart also lived in Brunswick and Clarke
County. In 1853 the newly formed Hart
County was named for her. It is the only
county in Georgia named for a woman.
Family lore states that a total eclipse of
the sun occurred during Nancy Hart’s
funeral in Kentucky
Austin Dabney

Private Austin Dabney was born in the late 1770’s in Wake
County, North Carolina as a slave. He moved with his
master Richard Aycock to Wilkes County.
Dabney was sent to the army in his master’s place. He
served as an artilleryman in the battle of Kettle Creek. He
fought in the revolutionary war in Georgia. Austin Dabney
got shot through his thigh with a musket ball and was
saved by a white man named Giles Harris. After the war he
worked for Harris’s family. He used his own money to send
Harris’s son to college. He stopped his master from making
him a slave. Austin Dabney got an award for revolutionary
war. Austin Dabney couldn’t attend the lottery because he
was black. He awarded 112 acres of land in Walton County,
Georgia. He died between March and September of 1830 in
Zebulon, Georgia.
The Treaty of Paris (1783)
Treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War on
September 3, 1783. It was signed in Paris by Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Under the terms of
the treaty, Britain recognized the independent nation of
the United States of America. Britain agreed to remove
all of its troops from the new nation. The treaty also set
new borders for the United States, including all land
from the Great Lakes on the north to Florida on the
south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi
River. The United States agreed to allow British troops
still in America to leave and also agreed to pay all
existing debts owed to Great Britain. The United States
also agreed not to persecute loyalists still in America and
allow those that left America to return.

The Articles of the Confederation is
Not Working




1) Under the Articles there was only a unicameral legislature so
that there was no separation of powers.
2) The central government under the Articles was too weak since
the majority of the power rested with the states.
3) Congress, under the Articles, did not have the power to tax
which meant that they could never put their finances in order.
4) In order to change or amend the Articles, unanimous approval
of the states was required which essentially meant that changes
to the Articles were impossible. 5) For any major laws to pass
they had to be approved by 9 or the 13 states which proved
difficult to do so that even the normal business of running a
government was difficult. 6) Under the Articles, Congress did not
have the power to regulate commerce which will cause
competition between states as well as diplomatic issues

So the states reconvene.
The Constitutional Convention



The Constitutional Convention of May 1787 was held in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where delegates from 12 of the
13 states were present. The state of Rhode Island refused
to send a delegate because it was afraid of losing its states'
rights. The delegates worked for 4 months behind closed
doors of the State House to draft a new document known
later as the "Constitution."
In Philadelphia, more than fifty delegates from twelve of
the original thirteen colonies met to begin writing the
Constitution of the United States.
These delegates were selected by their states. They were
educated, patriotic, and experienced men, ranging from the
ages of 40 to 81. Benjamin Franklin was the oldest
delegate. Some men were landowners and some were
lawyers or judges. All delegates held at least one public
office. This group is sometimes called the "Founding
Fathers." There were no women or minorities.
The Constitution
The Federal Convention convened in the State House
(Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the
Articles of Confederation. Because the delegations from only two
states were at first present, the members adjourned from day to
day until a quorum of seven states was obtained on May 25.
Through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that,
rather than amend the existing Articles, the Convention would
draft an entirely new frame of government. All through the
summer, in closed sessions, the delegates debated, and redrafted
the articles of the new Constitution. Among the chief points at
issue were how much power to allow the central government, how
many representatives in Congress to allow each state, and how
these representatives should be elected--directly by the people or
by the state legislators. The work of many minds, the Constitution
stands as a model of cooperative statesmanship and the art of
compromise.

Constitution Facts




The U. S Constitution was written in the same Pennsylvania State
House where the Declaration of Independence was signed and
where George Washington received his commission as Commander
of the Continental Army. Now called Independence Hall, the
building still stands today on Independence Mall in Philadelphia,
directly across from the National Constitution Center.
Written in 1787, the Constitution was signed on September 17th.
But it wasn't until 1788 that it was ratified by the necessary nine
states.
The U.S. Constitution was prepared in secret, behind locked doors
that were guarded by sentries.
Some of the original framers and many delegates in the state
ratifying conventions were very troubled that the original
Constitution lacked a description of individual rights. In 1791,
Americans added a list of rights to the Constitution. The first ten
amendments became known as The Bill of Rights.
More Facts…

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Of the 55 delegates attending the Constitutional Convention, 39 signed
and 3 delegates dissented. Two of America's "founding fathers" didn't sign
the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson was representing his country in France
and John Adams was doing the same in Great Britain.
Of all the written national constitutions in the world, the U.S. Constitution
is the oldest and shortest.
The original Constitution is on display at the National Archives in
Washington, D.C. When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, it was moved
to Fort Knox for safekeeping.
More than 11,000 amendments have been introduced in Congress. Thirty
three have gone to the states to be ratified and twenty seven have
received the necessary approval from the states to actually become
amendments to the Constitution.
http://www.constitutionfacts.com/
Abraham Baldwin

After writing the charter for the
University of Georgia, Abraham
Baldwin served as the college's first
president from 1786 to 1801. In 1787
he was chosen as one of four Georgia
delegates to the Constitutional
Convention. During his long political
career, Baldwin also served in the
Georgia General Assembly, the U.S.
House of Representatives, and the U.S.
Senate.
William Few

In 1787 William Few Jr.
represented Georgia at
the constitutional
convention in
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Subsequently, Few was
a signer of the U.S.
Constitution.