Chapter 7
On-Line Study Guide
American History
Mr. Maxa &
Mr. Bellisario
Protectorate
• The imperial power
allowed the local rulers to
stay in control and
protected them against
rebellion and invasion.
• In exchange, the local
rulers usually had to
accept advice from the
Europeans on how to
govern their countries.
Anglo-Saxonism
• The ideas that
English speaking
nations had superior
characteristics, ideas,
and systems of
government.
Reverend Josiah Strong
• Supporter of Anglo-Saxonism.
• Strongly linked Anglo-Saxonism to
Christian ministry ideas.
Alfred T. Mahan
• Wrote, The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History,
1660-1783.
• Mahan argued that
prosperous people in the
past (e.g., British and
Dutch) had built large
fleets of merchant ships,
thus a navy was needed
to protect the merchant
fleet and defend its right
to trade with other
countries.
Trade with Japan (265)
• American business
leaders wanted to trade
with Japan and China.
• Until the 1850s, Japan
was a closed society,
only trading with Chinese
and Dutch merchants.
• Congress sent petitions
to President Millard
Fillmore asking him to
force Japan to trade with
the United States.
Commodore Matthew Perry (265)
• Ordered by President
Millard Fillmore to go
to Japan with four
warships.
• Arrived on July 8,
1853.
• Had the Japanese
sign the Treaty of
Kanagawa.
Treaty of Kanagawa (265)
• The treaty gave the US:
– Trade rights in two
Japanese ports.
– Peace between the two
countries.
– Promised help for any
American ships,
shipwrecked off the
Japanese cost.
– Gave American ship
permission to buy supplies
such as wood, water, food
and coal in Japanese ports.
Why did people go to Hawaii
• Whaling and
merchant ships would
stop in Hawaii to rest
and restock their
supplies.
What did Hawaii offer
• Good soil, sugarcane
grows very good.
• By the mid-1800s,
many Plantation were
set-up on the islands.
Queen Liliuokalani
• Disliked the influence
American settlers had
gained.
• 1893, she tried to impose
a new constitution
reasserting her authority.
• The planter responded by
trying to have her
overthrown (she was
forced to step down).
Hawaii Annexation
• President Cleveland did
not support imperialism.
• When Queen Liliuokalani
was forced to step down,
he tried to have her
restored to power but it
failed.
• Planters waited until after
President Cleveland left
office to have Hawaii
annexed.
Cuban Rebel Against Spanish Rule
• 1868 rebels declare
independence (it fails).
• Jose Marti, rebel leader
flees to US to raise
support.
• Cuban rebellion
successful in 1895.
• U.S. officially neutral but
American public sided
with Cubans.
American Investments in Cuba
• U.S. and Cuba
closely linked
economically.
• U.S. had about $50
Million in investments
(sugarcane, mines,
and railroads).
Yellow Journalism
• Exaggerated stories
to sell newspapers
(usually negative).
William Randolph Hearst
& Joseph Pulitzer
• Two New York
newspaper
owners who
competed
against each
other to sell
newspapers.
• Both wrote
about the
atrocities of
the Spanish.
Valerian “the Butcher” Weyler
• Spain sent 200,000
men to round up the
rebels and put them
into concentration
camps, over 10,000
people died.
• Weyler acquired the
nickname, “the
Butcher”.
U.S. Calls for Intervention
• President William McKinley did not want to
go to war with Spain, fearing the war
would cost too many lives and hurt the
economy.
• He told the Spanish if they did not resolve
the conflict soon, the US might intervene.
USS Maine Explosion
• The USS Maine was
sent to Cuba to
protect Americans
and American
businesses.
• An accidental
explosion kills 260
sailors.
• Newspapers claim the
Spanish caused the
explosion.
Jingoism
• Aggressive nationalism, U.S. asked Spin
to leave Cuba.
Battle of Manila Bay
• On May 1, 1898,
Commodore George
Dewey with four
ships, destroyed eight
Spanish ships in one
day.
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
• The Rough Riders
were a voluntary
group made up of
cowboys, farmers,
and athletes.
• Roosevelt was
second-in-command
of the Rough Riders.
• The Rough Riders
captured Kettle Hill.
American Acquisitions After the
War
• When Spain surrenders, Cuba is given
their independence (with a condition),
• U.S. also received Guam, Puerto Rico,
and Philippines.
Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines
• Guam and Puerto Rico were annexed by
U.S.
• Philippines was annexed because
President McKinley thought they needed
to be “Christianized”.
Anti-Imperialists
• a group of Americans
who did not support
annexation.
• The group included
William Jennings
Bryant, Andrew
Carnegie, Jane
Adams, and Mark
Twain.
Cuban Independence
Platt Amendment
• Attached to new Cuban
constitution:
– Cuba could not make any
treaty with another nation
that would weaken its
independence.
– Allowed U.S. buy or lease
a Naval base (Guantanamo
Bay).
– U.S. would have the right
to intervene in Cuba.
Guantanamo Bay
• U.S. naval base in Cuba, written into the Platt
Amendment.
Puerto Rico
• In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act,
establishing a civil government for the island.
• Basically, Puerto Rico becomes a U.S. territory.
Philippines Insurrection
• Emilio Aguinaldo
called for war against
the U.S.
• Insurrection lasted for
thee years.
• U.S. set up
concentration camps
against rebels.
William Howard Taft
• William Howard Taft
sent to the Philippines
to set up schools,
roads, and health
care.
Sphere of Influence in China
• In China, foreign
government would “lease”
land, the land would still
belong to China but they
would lose control of the
leased area.
• British, French,
Japanese, Russians, and
Germans all had a sphere
of influence in China.
• These leased areas were
the center of economic
development including
railroads and mining.
Open Door Policy
• Americans wanted to trade in China but
were unsure if countries that had a sphere
of influence in an area would discriminate
against other foreign nations wanting to do
business in their sphere.
• U.S. Secretary of State asked each foreign
power with a sphere of influence if they
would discriminate, they all agreed not to
discriminate.
Boxer Rebellion
• A secret Chinese society
organized to fight against
foreign control.
• The society of
Harmonious fists (a.k. a.
the Boxers).
• The group decided to
destroy both the “foreign
devils” and their Chinese
Christian converts.
• Eight nations joined
together with 50,000
troops to defeat the
Boxers.
President McKinley vs.
William J. Bryant in 1900
• The election of 1900 pitted McKinley
versus Bryant…again.
• Bryant attacked McKinley for support of
imperialism in Asia.
• McKinley picked war-hero Theodore
Roosevelt and ran on the slogan, “Four
years more of the full dinner pail”.
President McKinley Assassinated
• While in Buffalo, NY,
President McKinley is
shot by an anarchist
and dies a few days
later.
Acquiring the Canal Zone
in Latin American
• The U.S. was looking at two locations to
build the canal (Panama & Nicaragua).
• A French company offered to sell the U.S.
their rights and property in Panama.
• Panama at the time belonged to Colombia.
• U.S. offered Columbia ten million and
yearly rent of $250,000 to build the Canal.
– Columbia refused the U.S. offer.
“speak softly but carry a big stick”
• West African saying
• Roosevelt believed in
a strong global
military presence.
• Displaying American
power to the world
would make nations
think twice about
fighting and help
promote peace.
Panamanian Revolution
• Panama had opposed Columbia rule.
• The French company that was going to
sell their rights and property arranged for a
small army to staged an uprising with ten
U.S. warships off the coast.
Building the Panama Canal
• It took the U.S. ten
years to build.
• Disease and
mudslides killed
workers.
Roosevelt Corollary
(to the Monroe Doctrine)
• President Roosevelt
made a speech to
congress that stated
that the U.S. would
intervene in Latin
American affairs
when necessary to
maintain economic
and political stability
in the Western
Hemisphere.