GROWTH OF THE NEW
NATION
NATIONALISM vs
SECTIONALISM
I. RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
Results of the war included:
 Andrew Jackson as a war
hero
 End of the Federalist Party 
“Era of Good Feelings”
 Economic growth
 A sense that the US was a
strong, expanding nation

Nationalism
II. NATIONALISM: Caring About the
Whole Country…(not just your part)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Judicial nationalism
Nationalism in
foreign policy
Economic
nationalism
Manifest Destiny and
Territorial expansion
A. JUDICIAL NATIONALISM:
The Marshall Court


Chief Justice Marshall sets
several legal precedents
that strengthened the
power of the Supreme
Court as an equal branch
of the government.
Marshall was a Federalist
and believed in a strong
central government.
A. JUDICIAL NATIONALISM:
The M&M Cases

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
Marbury v. Madison established the
principle of Judicial Review – the ability
of the Supreme Court to declare a law
unconstitutional
McCulloch v. Maryland established the
principle of Implied Powers– the ability
of the Supreme Court to determine
national powers that aren’t in the
Constitution, and to say that states can’t
overrule national laws
Gibbons v. Ogden said that the national
government controls commerce
between states
B. NATIONALISM SHAPES
FOREIGN POLICY



James Monroe was
elected president in
1816
Nationalism was a
priority for the growing
US
Signs a treaty with
Britain to jointly occupy
the Oregon Territory
B. NATIONALISM SHAPES
FOREIGN POLICY

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Relations with Spain (1817Florida belonged to Spain)
United States sent Andrew
Jackson and a small army down
to the Georgia-Florida border to
stop the Indian & outlaw raids
Jackson is NOT supposed to
attack the Spanish….
So, he invaded Florida.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819):
Spain gave up Florida for $5
million and a US promise to stay
out of Texas 
B. THE MONROE DOCTRINE


Other European powers
were planning to
(re)take their colonies
in the Caribbean and
Latin America. In his
1823 address to
Congress, Monroe
made it clear to Europe:
Don’t mess with the
Western Hemisphere
(Monroe Doctrine)
What is the main idea of this political cartoon?
The American
continents should
not be considered
for future
colonization by
any European
powers.
Monroe
Doctrine
The US would see any
attempt by Europe to
take any country in the
Western Hemisphere
as a threat to its own
peace and safety
Nations in the
Western
Hemisphere were
just different from
nations in Europe,
(republics, not
monarchies).
The United States would
not interfere in
European affairs.
C. ECONOMIC NATIONALISM:
REGIONS CREATE DIFFERENCES



The Northeast continued to
develop industry while the
South and West continued to
be more agricultural
The Industrial Revolution
reached America by the earlymid 19th century
New England first to embrace
factory system, especially in
textile (fabric) mills
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL


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
Meanwhile, the South
continued to grow as an
agricultural power
Eli Whitney’s invention of
the Cotton Gin (1793) made
producing cotton even more
profitable
The South became a
“Cotton Kingdom”
More labor was needed –
1790 = 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
Cotton Gin quickly separated
cotton fiber from seeds
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM

Economic differences
created political tension
between North & South
–


Tariffs (again!)
As the regions moved apart,
politicians attempted to keep
nation together
House Speaker Henry
Clay’s American Plan called
for a protective tariff, a
National Bank, and an
improved infrastructure to
help travel: the Erie Canal
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE


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
In 1818 settlers in Missouri
applied for statehood
Northerners and
Southerners disagreed on
whether Missouri should be
admitted as a “free” state
Henry Clay organized a
compromise in which
Missouri was “slave” but
Maine would be “free”
Also Louisiana Territory split
at 36 30’ north latitude
HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT
COMPROMISER
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
THE AGE OF JACKSON

During a time of
growing
Sectionalism,
Andrew Jackson’s
election in 1828,
ushered in a new
era of popular
democracy
Andrew Jackson: Hero or Villain?

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Born in 1767 in NC
Orphaned at 13 – no formal
education
Emotional, Arrogant and Passionate
- always ready to duel
Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe
Bend in 1814 & the British at New
Orleans in 1815
Took Florida and Claimed it for the
US in 1819
Loved by his soldiers who called him
“Old Hickory”
Distrusted the rich and powerful
The Election of 1824:
“The Corrupt Bargain”


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Jackson ran in a 4-way race for
Pres in 1824 (all the same party!)
Even though Jackson won the
popular vote, he didn’t receive a
majority of electoral votes.
Sent to the House of Reps to
choose the President
Henry Clay gives his support to
JQ Adams and the House
chooses Adams as President
Adams names Clay Sec. of State
2 weeks later….hmmmm
AJ is furious: The Corrupt Bargain
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

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Jackson, hero of the common
man, won election in 1828 in
part because the right to vote
had been expanded to more
citizens
In the 1824 election, won by
John Quincy Adams, 350,000
white males voted
In 1828, over 1,000,000 white
males voted in the nastiest
campaign ever.
Many of the new voters
supported Jackson who also
won re-election in 1832
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY


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As part of his political
philosophy, Jackson sought to
grant political power to the
common people: Age of the
Common Man
Jackson rewarded his own
supporters with government
jobs. This is called The Spoils
System.
Jackson gave away many jobs
to his friends and political allies
and fired the rich and powerful
elites.
“The age of the common man”
was characterized by


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
heightened emphasis on equality in the political
process for adult white males (rich white guys)
the rise of interest group politics and sectional issues
a changing style of campaigning – political parties
tried to appeal to “folks” (free food, kissing babies)
increased voter participation.
Politics started to look like what we know
today. Do you think these changes were
good or bad for the nation?
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

Jackson’s Native American Policy
–
–
–
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
Indian Removal Act of 1830 – Forced resettlement of Native
Americans (Cherokee and others) from their homes in the
SE to Oklahoma and lands west of the Mississippi River
Bureau of Indian Affairs created to oversee resettlement
Many forced onto reservations
Worcester -v- Georgia – Cherokee claimed the
relocation was wrong and it went to the supreme
court. Marshall ruled in favor of the Cherokee Tribe.
Jackson’s response
–
“Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

Forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe. Before
the journey was over ¼ of the tribe perished.
–
Reflected Jackson’s personal apathy toward Native
Americans
TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

THE NORTH
THE SOUTH
TARIFFS

In 1824 and again in
1828, Congress
increased the Import
Tariff of 1816
Southerners called the
1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of
Abominations,” and
blamed it for economic
problems in the South
NULLIFICATION THREAT

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In an attempt to free South
Carolina from the tariff, John
Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from
S.C.), developed the Theory
of Nullification
South Carolinians argued
that states could nullify the
Tariff of 1832 and other acts
of Congress if they found
them to be unconstitutional.
Nullification would declare
the law void within the state.
Jackson threatened to send
federal troops to SC
JACKSON’S BANK WAR

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Jackson opposed the
National Bank – run by the
rich and powerful.
He vetoed its charter and
withdrew all the federal $$.
He created Pet Banks run
by Dems and his friends
Many felt Jackson was
acting more like a King than
a president
His opponents formed a new
party – the Whigs
PANIC OF 1837

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In 1836, Democrat Martin
Van Buren won the
Presidency
He inherited problems from
the “Bank Wars”
Jackson’s Pet Banks printed
money without Gold backing
In 1837 a panic set in and
many banks closed,
accounts went bankrupted,
and unemployment soared
MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
Jackson’s Legacy: Hero or Villain?
The GOOD
More democratic involvement in Government
Looked out for the interests of the common man
Strong Executive Power
Massive Voter Turnout
Sparked Re-Creation of 2 Party System
The BAD
The Spoils System
Banking Instability
Excessive Check of the Supreme Court
Greater Sectionalism –Result of Split with Calhoun
The UGLY
Native American Policy
Trail of Tears
MANIFEST DESTINY


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In the 1840s many
Americans believed that
their movement westward
was predestined by God
Manifest Destiny was the
belief that the U.S. would
expand “from sea to shining
sea” – from the Atlantic to
the Pacific
Westward expansion was
also helped by:
–
–
Cotton gin – how?
Roads and canals – how?
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
TEXAS



Texas was a province in
Spanish Mexico. Mexico
won their independence
from Spain in 1821 and
Texas was theirs.
In the 1820’s, Mexican
officials offered land to
Americans to make the area
more stable
Americans soon
outnumbered Mexicans in
Texas – trouble started
TEXAS

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Stephen Austin established
an American colony in
Mexico.
Conflicts grew between
Mexicans and Americans in
Texas.
One issue was the slaves
that many Americans had
brought with them.
Mexico had outlawed
slavery in 1829.
REMEMBER THE ALAMO
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THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
Mexican President Santa
Anna was determined to
force Texans to obey
Mexican law.
In 1836, there was an armed
revolt of American Texans
against Mexican rule.
American forces moved into
a mission known as the
Alamo.
After 13 days the Mexican
troops scaled the walls and
slaughtered all 187
Americans
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR
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In 1844 President James Polk,
eagerly wanted to annex Texas
as part of the U.S.
Negotiations failed (remember
the balance?) and U.S. troops
moved into Mexican territory
America victories soon followed,
and in 1848 Mexican leader
Santa Anna admitted defeat
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
was signed – U.S. gets presentday Texas, California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona and parts of
Colorado and New Mexico
MEXICAN PRESIDENT
SANTA ANNA
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

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After gold was discovered
at Sutter’s Mill, migration to
California rose from 400 in
1848 to 44,000 in 1850
Folks who rushed to San
Francisco in 1849 became
known as Forty-niners
By 1857, the total amount
of gold mined in California
topped $2,000,000,000
NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY
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By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph
wire crossed the country
1837 – Samuel Morse
invented the Telegraph
Railroads were becoming
faster and more numerous
by 1830 surpassing canals
as # 1 means of transport
Robert Fulton invented the
Steamboat and by 1830,
200 were on the Mississippi
John Deere’s Plow and
Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper
improved agriculture
THE MARKET REVOLUTION:


The first half of the 19th
century in America,
brought vast changes
to technology,
transportation, and
production
Known as the Market
Revolution, people
increasingly bought and
sold goods rather than
make them for
themselves
A 19th century market
STOP HERE
WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS


In 1834, Lowell,
Massachusetts textile
workers went on strike after
their wages were lowered –
one example of the dozens
of strikes in the U.S. in the
1830s and 1840s
Several industries formed
the National Trade Union in
1834 in hopes of bettering
their conditions
STRIKES AND
UNIONS
BECAME
MORE
NUMEROUS
AFTER 1830
REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY:
SECTION 5
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The Second Great Awakening
spread Christianity through
revival meetings
Another growing religious
group was the Unitarians who
emphasized reason as path to
perfection
Ralph Waldo Emerson was a
Unitarian preacher who
developed Transcendentalism
These and other religions
became the impetus for
reforming society
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

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1820s: Abolitionist
movement to free
African Americans from
slavery arose
Leader was a white
radical named William
Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist called for
immediate
emancipation of all
slaves
FREDERICK DOUGLASS:
AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER


Freed slave, Frederick
Douglass escaped from
bandage and became an
eloquent abolitionist (critic
of slavery) leader
He began an anti-slavery
newspaper called,
Northstar – named after
the star that guided
runaway slaves to freedom
TURNER’S REBELLION

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Turner plans his rebellion
The vast majority of AfricanAmericans were enslaved in
the South and were
subjected to constant
degradation
Some rebelled against their
condition
Most famous revolt was led
by Virginia slave Nat Turner
Turner led 50 followers in a
revolt killing 60 whites – he
was caught and executed
WOMEN AND REFORM


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From abolition to
education, women
worked actively in all
reform movements
Throughout the 1800s
opportunity for women
to become educated
increased
1833: Oberlin College
became first coed
institution
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
EMERGES

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Reform movements of the
19th century spurred the
development of a
Women’s movement
For example, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott had both
been ardent abolitionists
In 1848, more than 300
women participated in a
Women’s Right
convention in Seneca
Falls, N.Y.
Two pioneers in women’s rights:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and
Susan B. Anthony