Chapter 8
Atom- the smallest particle of
matter that has the properties of
that matter
boiling point- temperature where a
liquid changes rapidly to a gas
Not all of them are the same. Some boiling points (in degrees
Fahrenheit) are:
water: 212
tar: 572
propane: -45
ammonia: -28.1
jet fuel: 325
mercury: 675.1
olive oil: 570
chemical property- ability of a
material to change its chemical
makeup
Some chemical properties are:
Reactivity against other chemical substances
Heat of combustion
Enthalpy of formation
Toxicity
Chemical stability in a given environment
Flammability
Preferred oxidation state(s)
Coordination number
The chemical property of materials helps us identify them. We
know how things behave when we make them go through a
change, such as burning. How they react when we change
them is their chemical property. A chemical property of
ammonia is that when you mix it with bleach, toxic fumes are
made.
condensation- a change of state
from a gas to a liquid as energy is
removed
Of course it’s a part of
the water cycle, but
did you remember that
it’s what makes the
water on the outside of
drinks?
conductivity- the ability to carry
energy
Copper, silver, and aluminum are commonly used as
conductors of electricity. Did you know gold was a good
conductor, too? That’s why it’s not a good idea for this
person to smile in an electrical storm.
density- a measure of the mass per
unit volume of a substance
Density is not the same as mass or
volume. These two liter bottles
have the same volume. Now fill
one with soda and one with gold.
The gold one would weigh way
more because gold is more dense
than the soda. The soda would
weigh about five pounds. The gold
one would weigh about 100
pounds. It means there are more
gold atoms packed tighter together
than the soda atoms.
Density is a comparison of how much it
weighs to how much space it takes up.
deposition- the change of state
from a gas to a solid
Frost forming on plants and windows is a good example. It goes
from water vapor to ice without going to liquid.
evaporation- gradual vaporization
that takes place at the surface of a
liquid
(going slowly from liquid to gas)
Transpiration is
the process of
evaporation in
plants.
matter- anything that has mass and
takes up space (volume)
On the left are examples of things
made of matter. We have to remember
that those things are made up of these
elements, though. All are examples of
matter.
melting- change of state from a
solid to a liquid as energy is added
melting point- temperature at
which a substance changes from
solid to liquid
The melting points of different solids vary greatly.
Carbon’s melting point is about 6381 degrees
Fahrenheit. Iron’s point is about 2800. Tin’s point is
about 450. (Butter, a sort of mixture, has a point of
about 90.)
molecule- two or more atoms
joined by chemical bonds
Here are two different views of a water molecule.
physical property- a characteristic
of matter that can be observed
without changing matter into
something new
Here is a list of physical properties. You’re right; I don’t know what many of
these are.
•absorption
•albedo
•area
•brittleness
•boiling point
•capacitance
•color
•concentration
•density
•dielectric
•ductility
•distribution
•efficacy
•electric charge
•electrical conductivity
•electrical impedance
•electric field
•electric potential
•emission
•flexibility
•flow rate
•fluidity
•frequency
•inductance
•Intrinsic impedance
•intensity
•irradiance
•length
•location
•luminance
•luster
•malleability
•magnetic field
•magnetic flux
•mass
•melting point
•moment
•momentum
•permeability
•permittivity
•pressure
•radiance
•solubility
•specific heat
•resistivity
•reflectivity
•spin
•strength
•temperature
•tension
•thermal conductivity
•velocity
•viscosity
•volume
•wave impedance
solubility- measure of how much of
one substance can dissolve in
another
Bob found out the hard way that the
solubility of a Twinkie is too low to make
that Twinkiejuice drink he wanted so
desperately to make. After a few days it
dissolved- sort of. Either way, he should
stick to Kool-Aid. It’s solubility is much
better.
states of matter- a physical form
that matter takes; solid, liquid, and
gas are the most common
So which state is:
ice?
solid
So which state is:
soda?
liquid
So which state is:
the helium in a balloon?
So which state is:
Jello?
gas
Trick question! It’s two: a solid inside a liquid!
sublimation- the change of state
from a solid to a gas
Matter usually goes from solid to liquid to gas
when energy is applied to it. Some solids can
go from solid to gas without the liquid stage. A
good example would be dry ice (carbon dioxide).
thermal expansion- increase in size
due to increase in temperature
Thermal expansion is why we make
sidewalks with little gaps between
each piece. If there are no gaps,
then the sidewalk expands when it
gets really hot and cracks.
vaporization- change of state from
a liquid to a gas
Evaporation is vaporization, but only on the surface of the liquid. Boiling is
fast vaporization. The heat energy makes more than just the surface
molecules vaporize. Much more of the liquid is turning to gas.
Microscopic water droplets suspended in
the air above a hot tea cup after that water
vapor has sufficiently cooled and
condensed. Water vapor behaves like a
gas and is, thus, invisible, but the clouds of
condensed water droplets refract and
diffuse the sun light and so are visible.
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means the ability to carry
energy?
conductivity
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means the smallest particle of
matter that has the properties of that
matter?
atom
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means anything that has mass
and takes up space?
matter
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means temperature at which a
liquid rapidly changes to gas?
boiling point
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means change of state from
solid to liquid?
melting
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means a characteristic of
matter only observable when it is changed
into something new?
chemical property
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means a measure of the mass
per volume of a substance (how heavy vs.
how much space it takes up)?
density
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means a change of state from
gas to liquid?
condensation
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means the change of state from
a gas to a solid?
deposition
Quiz Time!
atom, boiling point, chemical property,
condensation, conductivity, density,
deposition, evaporation, matter,
melting
Which word means slow vaporization on the
surface of a liquid?
evaporation
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means two or more atoms
joined by chemical bonds?
molecule
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means increase in size due to
increase in temperature?
thermal
expansion
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means the temperature where
solid turns into liquid?
melting point
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means the change of state from
a solid to a gas?
sublimation
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means a physical form that
matter takes?
states of matter
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means it can be observed
without changing the matter into something
new?
physical property
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means a change of state from
liquid to gas?
vaporization
Quiz Time!
melting point, molecule, physical
property, solubility, states of matter,
sublimation, thermal expansion,
vaporization
Which word means how much of one
substance can dissolve in another?
solubility