Memmler’s A&P
Chapter 7
Skeleton: bones and joints
The skeleton p128
• Framework on which the
body is constructed
• Bone tissue is the most
dense form of connective
tissue
Functions of bones p128
• Framework
• Protect delicate structures
• Work as levers with attached muscles for
movement
• Store calcium salts
• Produce blood cells in red bone marrow
Bone tissue p128
• 2 types of bone
– Compact bone
– Spongy bone
• 2 types of bone marrow
– Red marrow
– Yellow marrow
Bone membranes p129
• Periosteum
– Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the periosteum
nourish bone cells
Bone growth and repair p129
•
•
•
•
•
•
Embryonic skeleton
Ossification
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Hormones
– Calcitonin promotes storage of calcium in the bones
– Parathyroid hormone causes calcium to be released
from the bones to raise blood levels of calcium
Long bone structure
p129
Formation of a long bone p129-130
• Epiphyseal plate
• Long bone growth stops in late teens or early
twenties. Epiphyseal line forms.
• Remodeling for growth or repair
Skeleton divisions
p131
Axial skeleton (in
yellow on drawing)
Appendicular
skeleton (in blue)
Axial skeleton p131 Table 7-1
• Cranium (skull)
– Mandible
– Sinuses
• Vertebral column
–
–
–
–
–
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
Coccygeal vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
Appendicular skeleton p133 Table7-1
• Shoulder girdle
– Clavicle
– Scapula
• Upper extremity
– Humerus
– Ulna
– Radius
– Carpal bones
– Metacarpal bones
– Phalanges
Appendicular skeleton cont. p133
• Pelvic bones
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis
• Female pelvis: adapted for
pregnancy and childbirth
– Lighter in weight
– Wider
– Pelvic outlet is larger
Appendicular skeleton cont. p133
• Lower extremity
– Femur
– Patella
– Tibia
– Fibula
– Tarsal bones
– Metatarsal bones
– Phalanges
Bone disorders p142
• Osteoporosis: loss of bone density
• Tumors: osteosarcoma
• Infection
– Osteomyelitis: caused by pyogenic bacteria
– Tuberculosis
Structural disorders
of the spine
p146
•Kyphosis
•Lordosis
•Scoliosis
Skeletal changes in aging p148
• Loss of calcium
• Reduction of collagen leads to
stiffness
• Loss of height due to thinning
of intervertebral discs
• Costal cartilages (ribs) become
calcified, less flexible
Joints p148
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints
– See table 7-3 page 151
Disorders of joints p150
• Herniated disk
• Arthritis
– Osteoarthritis
– Rheumatoid arthritis
• Gout
Joint repair
p153
Arthroscopy:
examine and repair
joints from outside
the body with a
lighted instrument
called an
arthroscope.
Arthroplasty: joint
replacement