THE HISTORY OF AVIATION
1
ERAS IN AVIATION
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EARLY YEARS – 200 BC THRU 1890 AD
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT – 1860-1903
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT – 1903-1914
WORLD WAR I – 1914 – 1918
RECORDS ATTEMPTS – 1918 – 1939
WORLD WAR II – 1939 – 1945
JETS AND SPEED – 1945 – 1958
SPACE – 1958 - PRESENT
2
FROM THE BEGINNING OF
HISTORY MAN HAS DREAMED
OF FLIGHT
3
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• GREEK MYTHOLOGY
– DAEDALUS & ICARUS
4
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• GREEK MYTHOLOGY
– DAEDALUS & ICARUS
5
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• ITALIAN ARTIST/INVENTOR
– LEONARDO DA VINCI – 1452 AD -1519 AD
6
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• ITALIAN ARTIST/INVENTOR
– LEONARDO DA VINCI FORESAW THE
PARACHUTE, HELICOPTER AND AIRCRAFT
7
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS - JOSEPH AND
JACQUES ETIENNE
• MADE THE FIRST HOT AIR
BALLOON FLIGHT IN DECEMBER
1782 IN FRANCE
• MADE FIRST MANNED FLIGHT
NOVEMBER 1783
8
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• CIVIL WAR – 1862 THROUGH 1865
– OBSERVATION BALLOONS WERE USED TO
MONITOR TROOPS AND SPOT ARTILARY
9
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• CIVIL WAR – 1862 THROUGH 1865
10
EARLY YEARS
200 BC THRU 1890 AD
• INVENTIONS
– BALLOONS
• GAS
• HOT AIR
– CONCEPTS
• PARACHUTE
• HELICOPTER
• HUMAN POWERED GLIDER
11
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• UNPOWERED GLIDERS
– OTTO LILENTHAL 1848-1896
– OCTAVE CHANUTE 1832-1910
– CAPTAIN F. FERBER
– WRIGHT BROTHERS
12
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• OTTO LILIENTHAL
13
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• OCTAVE CHANUTE
14
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• CAPTAIN F. FERBER
15
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• WRIGHT BROTHERS
16
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• INVENTIONS
– RIGID FRAME AIRCRAFT
– HUMAN CONTROLED FLIGHT
• WEIGHT SHIFTING
– WING DESIGN
– PITCH CONTROL SURFACES
17
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
– SAMMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY
– WRIGHT BROTHERS – ORVILE and WILBER
– GLEN CURTIS
– GLEN L MARTIN
– LOUIS BLEROIT
– CAL ROGERS
– LINCOLN BLEACHLEY
18
PRE-POWERED FLIGHT
1860-1903
• SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY – 1834 TO 1906
19
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• WRIGHT BROTHERS – ORVILE AND WILBER
– FIRST POWERED HEAVIER-THAN-AIR FLIGHT
DECEMBER 17, 1903
20
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• GLEN CURTIS – 1878 TO 1930
– INVENTER AILERON CONTROLS
– MOTORCYCLE RACER
21
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• GLEN L MARTIN – 1886 TO 1955
– AIRCRAFT DESIGNER
22
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• LOUIS BLERIOT – 1872 TO 1936
– FRENCH INVENTOR
– FIRST AIRCRAFT TO FLY ACROSS THE ENGLISH
CHANNEL IN JULY 1909
23
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• CAL ROGERS – 1879 TO 1912
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–
–
–
–
FIRST COAST TO COAST FLIGHT
84 DAYS, SEPTEMBER 17, 1911 TO NOVEMEBER 5, 1911
74 LANDINGS, INCLUDING 12 CRASHES
AIRCRAFT CALLED “VIN FIZ” AFTER A GRAPE SOFT DRINK.
AIRCRAFT WAS A WRIGHT MODEL EX FLYER
24
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• LINCOLN BEACHEY – 1887 TO 1915
– RACED AGAINST BARNEY OLDFIELD’S RACE
CAR AT COUNTY FARES
25
EARLY POWERED FLIGHT
1903-1914
• INVENTIONS
– AIRCRAFT MOTORS
– PROPELLERS
– THREE AXIS FLIGHT CONTROLS
– WHEELED LANDING GEAR
– FLOAT PLANES
• RECORDS SET FOR SPEED, DISTANCE, AND
ENDURANCE
• AIR RACES BECAME POPULAR IN AMERICA AND
EUROPE
26
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• WAR FOUGHT IN EUROPE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND
FRANCE AGAINST GERMANY AND AUSTRIA
• GREAT ADVANCES IN BOTH SINGLE ENGINE AND
MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT AND DIRGIBLES
27
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• BRITISH AIRCRAFT
– TRAINER – AVRO 54K
28
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• BRITISH AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTERS – SOPWITH CAMEL
29
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• BRITISH AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTERS – SE-5A
30
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• BRITISH AIRCRAFT
– BOMBER – DEHAVILAND DH-4
31
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• FRENCH AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTERS – SPAD XII
32
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• FRENCH AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTERS – NEIUPORT 28
33
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• FRENCH AIRCRAFT
– ENGINE – GNOME 9-N
34
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• FRENCH AIRCRAFT
– ENGINE – HISPANO SUIZA 8BE
35
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• GERMAN AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTER – FORKER D-VII
36
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• GERMAN AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTER – FORKER Dr1
37
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• GERMAN AIRCRAFT
– FIGHTER – HALBERSTADT CL IV
38
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• GERMAN AIRCRAFT
– BOMBER – GOTHA
39
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• GERMAN AIRCRAFT
– DIRIGIBLE (ZEPPELINS)
40
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• ITALIAN AIRCRAFT
– BOMER – CAPRONI 36
41
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT
– TRAINERS – JENNY JN-4
42
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT
– TRAINERS – STANDARD J-1
43
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT
– TRAINERS – THOMAS MORSE SCOUT
44
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT
– ENGINES – CURTIS OX-5
45
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• AMERICAN AIRCRAFT
– ENGINES – LIBERTY V-12
46
WORLD WAR I
1914 - 1918
• INVENTIONS
– INCREASED HORSE POWER ENGINES
• ROTARY AIR COOLED
• WATER COOLED
– MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT
– DIRIGIBLES
– ADVANCE ARMAMENT
47
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
AFTER THE END OF WORLD WAR I AVIATION INCREASED
RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF THE REASONS
•
•
•
•
•
SURPLUS AIRCRAFT READILY AVAILABLE
NUMEROUS TRAINED PILOTS
GREAT INTEREST IN AVIATION FROM PUBLIC
BEGINNING OF AIR TRANSPORTATION FOR GENERAL PUBLC
SPEED AND DISTANCE RECORDS
48
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• BARNSTORMING
– BARNSTORMING WAS AN ACTIVITY DONE BY MANY
WAORLD WAR I PILOTS THAT ALLOWED THEM TO KEEP
FLYING
– PILOTS WOULD PURCHASE SURPLUS AIRCRAFT AND FLY
THEM AROUND THE COUNTRY TO FAIRS SELLING RIDES
TO PASSENGERS AND DOING AEROBATIC FLIGHT
– AIRCRAFT WERE RARE AND MOST PROPLE HAD NOT
SEEN ONE FLYING, THEREFORE THERE WAS GREAT
INTEREST IN SEEING BARNSTORMERS
– MANY PEOPLE GOT THEIR FIRST RIDE IN AN AIRPLANE
WITH A BARNSTORMER
49
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• FIRST AROUND THE WORLD FLIGHT FLOWN BY 4 ARMY
“WORLD CRUISER” AIRCRAFT IN 1924
50
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• ROSCOE TURNER (WITH GILMORE) WAS AN EARLY RACER
51
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• EARLY AIRLINES
– AIRLINES WERE STARTED AFTER WORLD WAR I FLYING
PASSENGERS AND MAIL
– AIRLINE FLIGHTS CAUSED THE RAPID INCREASE IN THE
SIZE AND SPEED OF THESE AIRLINERS
– AIRLINES WENT FROM CRUDE BIPLANES TO METAL HIGH
PERFORMANCE AIRCRAFT IN A FEW SHORT YEARS
– THE FORD TIR-MOTOR AND THE DOUGLAS DC-3 WERE
TWO OF THE AIRLINERS DEVELOPED
52
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• FORD TRI-MOTOR
– THREE ENGINES
– 100 MPH CRUISE
– 14 PASSENGERS
53
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• DOUGLAS DC-3
– TWO ENGINES
– 180 MPH
– 24 PASSENGERS
54
BARNSTORMING, RECORDS ATTEMPTS
AND AIRLINES
1918 – 1939
• IGOR I. SIKORSKY WAS A RUSSIAN IMIGRANT WHO
DEVELOPED MANY AIRCRAFT INCLUDING THE HELICOPTER
AND LARGE FLYING BOATS
55
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• PRIZES FROM SPEED AND DISTANCE FLIGHTS
– CHARLES LINDBERG
– AMEILA AIRHART
– WILYE POST
– JIMMIE DOOLITTLE
56
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• CHARLES LINDBERG
– SELF TRAINED PILOT
– FLEW AIR MAIL
– FIRST SOLO FLIGHT FROM NEW YORK TO PARIS
– TEST PILOT
– FLEW COMBAT MISSIONS AGAINST JAPANESE AS A
CIVILIAN PILOT AND IS THOUGHT TO HAVE SHOT DOWN AT
LEAST ONE JAPANESE AIRCRAFT
– NATIONAL AVIATION EXPERT
57
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• CHARLES LINDBERG GAINED FLYING EXPERIENCE WHILE
FLYING AIR MAIL FROM ST. LOUIS TO CHICAGO. HE HAD TO
BAIL OUT OF AN AIRPLANE ONCE.
58
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• “Lindbergh Does It! New York To Paris in 33 1/2 Hours; Flies 1,000
Miles Through Snow and Sleet; Cheering French Carry Him Off
Field on May 21, 1927” - New York Times
59
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• CHARLES LINDBERG FLEW WITH BOTH ARMY AIR CORPS
UNITS IN THE P-38 LIGHTENING AND MARINE UNITS IN THE
F4U CORSAIR
60
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• AMELIA EARHART
– BEGAN FLYING IN 1921
– SET WOMAN’S ALTITUDE RECORD OF 14,000 FEET IN 1922
– FIRST WOMAN TO FLY ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN FIRST AS
A PASSENGER IN 1928
– SET SPEED RECORDS FOR WOMEN
– FIRST WOMAN TO FLY SOLO ACROSS ATLANTIC OCEAN
AND COAST0TO-COAST IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1932
– SET NUMEROUS SOLO DISTANCE FLIGHT RECORDS
– LOST IN PACIFIC OCEAN WHILE TRYING TO FLY AROUND
THE WORLD IN 1937
61
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• AMEILIA EARHART WAS AN EARLY FEMALE PILOT BORN IN
ATCHINSON KANSAS WHO SET SPEED AND DISTANCE
RECORDS
62
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• AMEILIA EARHART HELPED TO ORGANIZE AND FLEW IN
“POWDER PUFF DERBY” AIR RACES FOR WOMEN
63
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• AMEILIA EARHART SET MANY RECORDS FLYING HER
LOCKHEED VEGA
64
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• AMEILIA EARHART WAS LOST WITH HER NAVIGATOR ED
NOONAN SOMEWHERE NEAR HOWLAND ISLAND IN THE
PACFIC OCEAN IN 1937 WHILE FLYING HER LOCKHEED 12
65
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• WILEY POST
– BORN IN GRAND SALINE, TEXAS IN 1898
– STARTER IN BARNSTORMING AS SKY DIVER IN 1924
– LOST SIGHT IN ONE AS A RESULT OF AN ACCIDENT
– TRAINED HINSELF TO FLY WITH ONE EYE
– FLEW AS PERSONNEL PILOT FOR F. C. HALL IN LOCKHEED
VEGA “WINNIE MAE”
– FLEW AROUND TO WORLD WITH NAVIGATOR HARLOD
GATTY IN 1931
– FLEW AROUND THE WORLD SOLO IN 1933
– FLEW HIGH ALTITUDE EXPERIMENTS IN 1934
– DIED IN AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT WITH WILL ROGERS IN 1935
66
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• WILYE POST’S LOCKHEED VEGA “WINNIE MAE”
67
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• WILEY POST AND HAROLD GATTY FLEW THE “WINNIE MAE”
AROUND THE WORLD IN 1931 IN 8 DAYS, 16 HOURS
68
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• WILYE POST FLEW AROUNGD THE WORLD SOLO IN 1933 IN 7
DAYS, 19 HOURS
69
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• WILYE POST PIONEERED HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT WITH A
PRESSURE SUIT THAT HE HELPED TO DESIGN. HE FLEW THE
WINNIE MAE AS HIGH AS 50,000 FEET AND DISCOVERED THE
JET STREAM.
70
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• JIMMIE DOOLITTLE
– ARMY TRAINED PILOT WON BOTH BENDIX AND
THOMPSON THROPY RACES
– WORKED FOR SHELL OIL COMPANY TO DEVELOP HIGH
OCTANE GASOLINE
– MADE FIRST “BLIND” TAKEOFF AND LANDING IN193X
– COMMANDED FIRST BOMBER RAID AGAINST JAPAN USING
B-25 BOMBERS FLOWN FROM THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER
“HORNET”
– COMMANDER OF THE EIGHTH AIR FORCE IN ENGLAND
– DEVELOPED BUSINESS AVIATION FOR SHELL OIL AFTER
WORLD WAR II
71
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• JIMMIE DOOLITTLE WITH TRAVEL AIR (BEECHCRAFT)
“MYSTERY SHIP” RACER
72
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• JIMMIE DOOLITTLE’S 1932 GEE BEE RACER
73
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• The B-25 MEDIUM BOMBER WAS ONE OF AMERICA’ MOST
FAMOUS AIRPLANES OF WORLD WAR II. IT WAS THE TYPE OF
BOMBER USED BY GENERAL JIMMIE DOOLITTLE FOR THE
“TOKYO RAID” ON APRIL 18, 1942
74
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• In June 1985, retired Lieutenant General James H. Doolittle became
General James H. Doolittle when President Reagan and Senator
Goldwater pinned on the same four-star insignia that General
George Patton had given him on the occasion of Patton receiving
his fourth star more than 40 years earlier.
75
RECORDS ATTEMPTS
1918 – 1939
• INVENTIONS
– GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS FOR “BLIND”
– RADIO NAVIGATION
– HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT
– HIGH OCTANE GASOLINE
– GLOBAL NAVIGATION
76
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• WORLD WAR II INVOLVED ALL OF THE MAJOR COUNTRIES OF
THE WORLD. AVIATION MADE GIANTIC ADVANCES DURING
THIS PERIOD.
– PRESSURIZED BOMBER CABINS
– ALL WEATHER FLIGHT
– JET PROPULSION
– ENORMOUS NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT PRODUCED
– RADAR AND RADIO NAVIGATION
77
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• WORLD WAR II BROUGHT THE ADVENT OF HIGH POWER AND
HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT FROM ALL COUNTRIES
• VERY EARLY IN THE WAR SOME BIPLANES WERE USED,
MOSTLY BY THE BRITISH, BUT THESE WERE RAPIDLY
REPLACED
• MANY THOUSANDS OF AIRCRAFT WERE PRODUCED BY ALL
COUNTRIES
• VERY LARGE INCREASES IN AIRCRAFT SPEED AND ALTITUDE
OCCURRED DURING THIS TIME
78
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• EARLY SUCCESSFUL WERE THE BRITISH FAIRLY SWORDFISH
AND GLOSTER GALDIATOR
79
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• EARLY FIGHTER OPPONENTS DURING THE BATTLE OF
BRITAIN WERE THE MESSERSCHMITT 109, SUPERMARINE
SPITFIRE AND HAWKER HURRICANE
80
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• THE GERMANS USED JUNKER STUKA DIVE BOMBERS,
HEINKLE 111 AND DORNIER 217 BOMBERS TO ATTACK
ENGLAND DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
81
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• IN THE PACIFIC FRONT JAPANESE ZEROS WERE FOUGHT BY
AMERICAN VOLUNTERS FLYING CURTIS P-40 FOR THE
CHINESE GOVERNMENT
82
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• AS WORLD WAR II PROGRESSED THE PRODUCTION OF
AIRCRAFT ACCELERATED AT AN INCREDIBLE RATE.
• WHOLE TOWN SUCH AS PLANEVIEW IN WICHITA WERE
CONSTRUCTED TO HOUSE THE AIRCRAFT WORKERS.
THOUSAND OF PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN FARMERS AND
HOUSEWIVES WERE TRAINED TO MANUFACTURE AIRCRAFT
AND OTHER WAR MATERIALS.
• THE WOMEN IN THE AIRCRAFT INDUCTRY WERE
SYMBOLIZED BY “ROSIE THE RIVETER”
83
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES TENS OF
THOUSAND OF PEOPLE WERE TRAINED TO BE PILOTS,
NAVIGATORS, GUNNERS AND BOMBARDIERS FOR THE
AIRCRAFT.
• THOUSANDS MORE PEOPLE WERE TRAINED TO MAINTAIN
AND REPAIR THESE AIRCRAFT.
• OTHER SUPPORT PEOPLE SUCH AS RADIO OPERATORS AND
WEATHER MEN WER TRAINED.
• AIR BASES WERE CONSTRUCTED THROUGH OUT THE
WORLD TO SUPPORT THE WAR EFFORT.
84
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• THE UNITED STAES ENTERED WORLD WAR II AFTER THE
JAPANESE BOMED OUR BASE IN PEARL HARBOR IN THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
• AFTER ENTERING THE WAR THE UNITED STATES EXPANDED
AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION TO MORE THAN 100,000 AIRCRAFT
PER YEAR.
• NEW ROUTES WERE DEVELOPED TO FLY THESE AIRCRAFT
ALL OVER THE WORLD FROM ALASKA TO AUSTRALIA.
85
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSED AT A RAPID PACE
THROUGHOUT THE WAR. SUCH FAMOUS BOMBERS AS THE
B-17, B-24 AND B-29 WERE USED BY THE UNITED STATES
86
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• THE UNITED STATES ARMY AIR CORPS DEVELOPED HIGH
SPEED LONG RANGE PISTON ENGINE FIGHTERS SUCH AS
THE P-51 MUSTANG, P-47 THUNDERBOLT AND P-38
LIGHTNING
87
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• THE UNITED STATES NAVY USED CARRIER BASED FIGHTERS
AND BOMBERS SUCH AS THE F6F HELLCAT, F4U CORSAIR
AND TBM AVENGER
88
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• WORLD WAR II CAUSED THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD WIDE
AIRWAYS, AIRPORTS AND MAPPING OF PREVIOUSLY
UNEXPLORED AREAS.
• TRANSPORTATION OF WAR MATERIALS RESULTED IN THE
DEVELOPMENT AIR AICRAFT WITH GREATER CAPACITY TO
CARRY CARGO AND PERSONNEL.
89
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• THE PRINCIPLE CARGO AIRCRAFT USED BY THE UNITED
STATES WERE THE C-46 COMMANDO, C-47 DAKOTA, C-54
SKYMASTER AND C-69 CONSTELLATION
90
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• THE UNITED STATES ARMY USED ITS FIRST HELICOPTER IN
WORLD WAR II. THIS AIRCRAFT WAS THE SIKORSKY R4
HOVERFLY.
91
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• DURING WORLD WAR II THE GERMAN MILITARY DEVELOPED
JET AND ROCKET POWERED AIRCRAFT AND JET AND
ROCKET GUIDED MISSILES
92
WORLD WAR II
1939 - 1945
• INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS
– POWER PLANTS
• TURBOCHARGED/SUPERCHARGED PISTON ENGINES
• JET ENGINES
• ROCKET ENGINES
– LONG RANGE MULTI-ENGINE AIRCRAFT
– RADIO NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION
– PRESSURIZED HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT
93
JETS AND SPEED
• THE POST WORLD WAR II ERA PROVIDED THE AVIATION
COMMUNITY WITH THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS AIRCRAFT AND
TRAINED PILOTS
• MANY PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THIS WOULD CAUSE AN
EXPLOSION OF PRIVATE AVIATION, HOWEVER THIS DID NOT
HAPPEN AS EXPECTED
• THERE WAS A GREAT INCREASE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF
HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING INFORMATION PRIMARILY
GATHERED FROM GERMANY SCIENTISTS
94
JETS AND SPEED
• THE EARLY AMERICAN JET FIGHTER AIRCRAFT WERE IN
DEVELOPMENT AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II
• THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE P-59 AIRACOMET AND P-80
SHOOTING STAR
95
JETS AND SPEED
• DURING THE LATE 1940’s DURING WERE MANY JET BOMBER
DESIGNS BUILT AND FLOWN TO EXPERIMENT WITH HIGH
SPEED JET POWERED AIRCRAFT. THESE INCLUDE THE B-45,
B-46, B-48 AND B-49
96
JETS AND SPEED
• EXPERIMENTAL ROCKET AIRCRAFT WERE DEVELOPED TO
REACH VERY HIGH SPEEDS
• THE BELL X-1 AIRCRAFT PILOTED WORLD WAR II FIGHTER
PILOT CHUCK YEAGER BROKE THE SPEED OF SOUND
97
JETS AND SPEED
• THERE WERE MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED
IN THE LATE 1940’s AND THE 1950’s RESEARCHING MANY
ASSPECTS OF FLIGHT
98
JETS AND SPEED
• CIVILIAN AVIATION BEGAN TO DEVELEOP NEW IMPROVED
AIRCRAFT SUCH AS THE BEECH BONANZA AND THE CESSNA
170. MODERNIZED VERSIONS OF THESE AIRCRAFT ARE
STILL IN PRODUCTION TODAY
99
JETS AND SPEED
• COMMERCIAL AIRLINES INITIALLY USED SURPLUS MILITARY
AIRCRAFT TO ESTABLISH NEW AIRLINES. MANUFACTURES
DEVELOPED NEW AIRCRAFT INCLUDING THE DOUGLAS DC-6
AND THE PRESSURIZED DOUGLAS DC-7 AND LOCKHEED
SUPER CONSTELLATION
100
JETS AND SPEED
• THE NAVY ALSO BEGAN TO USED JET PWERED AIRCRAFT.
THE FIRST JET FIGHTER TO FLY FROM AN AIRCRAFT
CARRIER WAS THE McDONNELL FH-1 PAHNTOM. THIS WAS
FOLLWED BY THE F2H BANSHEE AND THE NORTH AMERICAN
FJ-1 FURY
101
JETS AND SPEED
• THE KOREAN WAR BROUGHT THE FIRST JET VERSUS JET
COMBAT WHEN THE NORTH AMERICAN F-86 SABER JET
FOUGHT THE RUSSIAN MIG-15
102
JETS AND SPEED
• DURING THE KOREAN WAR THE AIR FORCE AND THE NAVY
USED HELICOPTERS TO RESCUE WOUNDED SOLDIERS AND
DOWNED FLIGHT CREWS. THESE HELICOPTERS INCLUDED
THE SIKORSKY H-19 CHICKASAW AND H-5 DRAGON FLY
103
JETS AND SPEED
• THE “COLD WAR” WITH THE RUSSIANS BROUGHT ABOUT
RAPID ADVANCES IN THE SIZE AND SPEED OF THE BOMBERS
USED BY THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE. THE MAIN
BOMBERS WERE THE B-36 PEACEMAKER, B-47 STRATOJET
AND B-52 STRATOFORTRESS
104
JETS AND SPEED
• DURING EARLY 1950’s JET THE EARLY JET POWERED
AIRLINERS WERE BUILT BY BRITISH COMPANIES. THE
DEHAVILLAND COMET AND VICKERS VISCOUNT TURBOPROP
LED THE WAY
105
JETS AND SPEED
• THE AMERICAN AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY QUICKLY FOLLOWED
THE BRITISH BY COMING OUT WITH FASTER AND LONGER
RANGE JET AIRLINERS, THE BOEING 707 AND THE DOUGLAS
DC-8. BTOH OF THESE AIRCRAFT HAD LONGER SERVICE
LIVES AND ARE STILL IN USE TODAY. THE 707 WAS THE FIRST
JET “AIR FORCE ONE” PRESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT
106
JETS AND SPEED JETS AND SPEED
• BOTH MILITARY FIGHTERS AND BOMBERS BECAME CAPABLE
OF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT IN THE 1950’s WITH THE “CENTURY
SERIES” FIGHTER AND THE B-58 HUSTLER BOMBER
107
JETS AND SPEED
• THE PRESSURES OF THE COLD WAR LED TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH MEDIUM RANGE AND
INTERCONTINENTAL RANGE BALLISTIC MISSLES SUCH AS
THE REDSTONE, ATLAS AND TITAN MISSLES
108
JETS AND SPEED
• THE RUSSIANS SHOCKED THE WORLD WHEN THEY
LAUNCHED THE FIRST SPACE SATELLITE IN OCTOBER 1957.
THIS BASKETBALL SIZED, 183 POUND SATETLLITE WAS
CALLED SPUTNIK
109
JETS AND SPEED
• THE UNITED STATES FOLLOWED THE RUSSIANS BY
LAUNCHING A 32 POUND SATELLITE CALLED EXPLORER IN
JANUARY 1958. THE SPACE RACE HAD STARTED
110
SPACE AND BEYOND
• SCOTT CROSSFIELD WAS ONE OF THE GREAT TEST PILOTS
DURING THIS ERA.
• HE FLEW MANY EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT AND WAS THE
FIRST MAN TO FLY TWICE THE SPEED OF SOUND IN THE
DOUGLAS SKYROCKET. HE WAS ALSO THE FIRST MAN TO
FLY THE X-15.
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SPACE AND BEYOND
• NACA (NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE for AERONAUTICS)
BECAME NASA (NATIONAL AERONAUTICS and SPACE
ADMINISTRATION) IN 1958. ONE OF FIRST EXPERIMENTAL
AIRCRAFT FROM NASA WAS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL X-15.
THE X-15 EXPLORED FLIGHT OUT TO MACH 6.7 (6.7 TIMES
THE SPEED OF SOUND) AND ALTITUDE OF 354,200 FEET (67
MILES) ON AUGUST 22, 1963
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SPACE AND BEYOND
• CIVILIAN BUSINESS AVIATION BEGAN MOVING INTO THE JET
AGE WITH THE BEECHCRAFT TURBO-PROP POWERED
KINGAIR AND TH JET POWERED NORTH AMERICAN
SABERLINER AND LEAR JET.
•
113
SPACE AND BEYOND
• VERY LARGE JET AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED AND PUT
INTO COMMERCIAL SERVICE DURING THE 1960’S. THESE
INCLUDED THE DOUGLAS DC-10, LOCKHEED L-1011 AND
BOEING 747.
114
SPACE AND BEYOND
• IN APRIL 1961 THE RUSSIANS AGAIN STARTLED THE WORLD
BY LAUNCHING YURI GAGARIN IN A VOSTOK SPACE CRAFT
ORBITING THE WORLD
115
SPACE AND BEYOND
• ON MAY 25, 1961, PRESIDENT KENNEDY ANNOUNCED TO THE
NATION A GOAL OF SENNDING AN AMERICAN TO THE MOON
BEFORE THE END OF THE DECADE.
• THIS BEGAN AN IMMENSE PROGRAM TO FLY MEN TO THE
MOON. THIS PROGRAM WAS EXECUTED IN THREE STEPS:
– PROJECT MERCURY
– PROGECT GEMINI
– PROJECT APOLLO
116
SPACE AND BEYOND
• PROJECT MERCURY
– SINGLE MAN CAPSULES TO EXPLORE SUB-ORBITAL AND
ORBITAL FLIGHTS
– SEVEN MERCURY ASTRONAUTS
117
SPACE AND BEYOND
• ON MAY 6 1961 NASA LAUNCHED ALAN SHEPARD IN
“FREEDOM 7”, THE FIRST AMERICAN HUMAN SUBORBITAL
FLIGHT
118
SPACE AND BEYOND
• MERCURY SPACECRAFT “FRIENDSHIP 7” CARRIED
ASTRONAUT JOHN H. GLENN Jr. TO BECOME THE FIRST
AMERICAN TO ORBIT THE EARTH ON FEBRUARY 20, 1962.
GLENN CIRCLED THE EARTH THREE TIMES. THE SPACE
FLIGHT LASTED 4 HOURS AND 55 MINUTES.
119
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE GEMINI PROGAM FOLLOWED PROJECT MERCURY FROM
1963 -1966. GEMINI CAPSULES CARRIED TWO ASTRONAUTS
TO EXPLORE EXTENDED SPACE FLIGHT REQUIRED TO
REACH THE MOON. THE GEMINI CAPSULE WAS AN
ENLARGER MERCURY CAPSULE .
120
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE 12 FLIGHT GEMINI PROGRAM EXPLORED MANY NEW
PROLEMS THAT WOULD BE ENCOUNTERED WHILE GOING TO
THE MOON INCLUDING THE RENDEZOUS OF TWO SPACE
CRAFT AND SPACE WALKS
121
SPACE AND BEYOND
• FOLLOWING THE COMPLETION OF THE MERCURY AND
GEMINI PROGRAMS, THE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN THE
FLIGHTS TO THE MOON IN A CAPSULE DESIGNED TO CARRY
THREE MEN.
• THE MIGHTY SATURN V ROCKET WAS DESIGNED THE TO
LAUNCH THE CAPSULE AND ITS SUPPORT MODULE.
• THE CREW COMPARTMENT CONSISTED OF THE MAIN CREW
MODULE AND THE TWO MAN LUNAR LANDING MODULE
WHICH WENT TO THE MOON AND THEN RETURNED TO CREW
BACK TO THE MAIN MODULE ORBITNG THE MOON
122
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE SATURN V ROCKET WAS 364 FEET TALL AND WIEGHED
MORE THAT 6,699,000 POUNDS.
• 5 ROCKET MAIN STAGE MOTORS WITH A TOTAL THRUST OF
7,648,000 POUND LIFTED THE ROCKET.
• THE SATURN V LAUNCHED BOTH THE APOLLO MISSIONS AND
SKYLAB
123
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE APOLLO PROGRAM BEGAN IN 1963 AND ENDED IN 1972
• THE PROGRAM CONSISTED OF 11 MANNED FLIGHTS.
– 4 MANNED EARTH AND MOON ORBITIAL FLIGHTS
– 7 FLIGHTS FOR MOON LANDINGS
– APOLLO 13 DID NOT LAND ON THE MOON DUE TO AN
EXPLOSION ENROUTE TO THE MOON
– NEIL ARMSTRONG WAS THE FIRST MAN TO SET FOOT ON
THE MOON, JULY 20, 1969
– EUGENE CERNAN WAS THE LAST MAN TO LEAVE HIS
FOOT PRINT ON THE MOON, DECEMBER 14, 1972
124
SPACE AND BEYOND
• APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON.
125
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE APOLLO SPACE SHIP CONSISTED OF THE COMMAND
MODULE, LUNAR MODULE
• THE LUNAR MODULE CONTAINED THE LUNER ROVER
126
SPACE AND BEYOND
• DURING THE 1960’S AND EARLY 1970’S THE UNITED STATES
WAS ENGAGED IN A WAS TO PROTECT SOUTH VIETNAM.
MUCH OF THIS WAR WAS FOUGHT IN AIR BATTLES.
• SOME OF THE SIGNIFICANT AIRCRAFT USED DURING THIS
WAR WERE THE F-4 PHANTOM, F-105 THUNDERCHIEF AND
THE B-52 STRATOFORTRESS
127
SPACE AND BEYOND
• HELICOPTERS WERE USED IN GREAT NUMBERS DURINE THE
VIET NAM WAS. HELICOPTERS SUCH AS THE UH-1 HUEY AND
CH-47 CHINOCK WERE USED TO TRANSPORT TROOPS AND
SUPPLIES
128
SPACE AND BEYOND
• DURING THE 1960’S AND THE 1970’S GENERAL AVIATION
GREW TREMENDOUSLY.
• POPULAR AIRCRAFT DURING THIS PERIOD WERE THE
CESSNA 172, PIPER CHEROKE AND THE MODERNIZED
BEECHCRAFT BONANZA
129
SPACE AND BEYOND
• LESSON FROM THE VIETNAM WAR WERE USED TO DESIGN
NEW MILITARY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
• THESE AIRCRAFT WERE THE F-15 EAGLE, F-16 FIGHTING
FALCON AND THE A-10 THUNDERBOLT II
130
SPACE AND BEYOND
• AS A CONTINUATION OF SPACE EXPLORATION NASA
DEVELOPED THE SPACE SHUTTLE. THE SPACE SHUTTLE
WAS DESIGNED TO PLACE A CREW INTO EARTH ORBIT FOR
EXPERIMENTATION PURPOSES
131
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE SPACE SHUTTLE MADE ITS FIRST TEST FLIGHT IN 1977
• THERE WERE 8 SPACE SHUTTLE AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURED
• THE SPACE SHUTTLE HAS FLOWN 114 MISSIONS
• TWO SPACE SHUTTLES HAVE BEEN DESTORYED IN
ACCIDENTS
132
SPACE AND BEYOND
• COMMERICAL AIRLINERS WERE DEVELOPED TO BE MORE
ECONOMICAL TO OPERATE. THESE AIRCRAFT INCLUDE THE
BOEING 757/767747-400 AND MCDONNEL-DOUGLAS MD-11.
133
SPACE AND BEYOND
• MILITARY AIRCRAFT DEVELOPED THE NEW F-117 FIGHTER
AND B-2 BOMBER TO ENTER HIGH THREAT MILITARY AREAS
UNDETECTED BY RADAR. THESE AIRCRAFT USE THEIR
SEALTH CHARACTERISTICS FOR THEIR PROTECTION.
134
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE EXPERIMENTAL AIRPLANE ASSOCIATION WAS FOUND IN
THE 1950’S TO PROMOTE BUILDING OF PRIVATE
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT. THE TREND HAS GROWN AND
TODAY MANY AIRCRAFT SUCH AS THE RV SERIES, LANCAIR
AND OTHERS ARE BEING BUILT ALL OVER THE WORLD
135
SPACE AND BEYOND
• THE WARBIRD MOVEMENT HAS SAVE MANY MILITARY
AIRCRAFT FROM BEING DESTORYED. TODAY MANY
AIRSHOWS FEATURE WORLD WAR II AND KOREAN WAR
FIGHTERS FLYING WITH THEIR MODERN BROTHERS
136
SPACE AND BEYOND
• AVIATION CONTINUES TO GROW EVERY YEAR
• THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEOPLE TO WORK IN AVIATION
ALSO CONTINUES TO GROW
• THE FUTURE WILL BRING NEW ADVENTURES THAT ARE NOT
YET UNDERSTOOD OR FORE SEEN
137