Kingdom Plantae
The Big Five Review
• How many cells?
• What type of cell?
• Cell wall or no? If so, what’s it made of?
• Nutrition?
• Motility?
The Big Five for Plantae
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls – cellulose
• Autotrophic
• Non-motile
• Plus…all have roots, stems, leaves,
chlorophyll, choloroplasts
Adaptations to Land
• PROBLEM
– Loss of water
– Needs water in all tissues
– Will get blown away; needs
water
– No water for swimming
gametes
– Embryos dry out
• SOLUTION
– Waxy cuticles on leaves
– Vascular tissue (tubes)
– Roots
– Pollen
– Seeds
• Bryophytes
Plant Groups
– Mosses, liverworts
– Have true RSL
Plant Groups
• Pterophytes
– Ferns, horsetails
– Have vascular tissue
Plant Groups
• Gymnosperms
– Conifers, evergreens, pine trees
– Have seeds (naked ones!)
Plant Groups
• Angiosperms
– Flowering plants
– Covered seeds (in fruits)
Review: 4 Groups
• Bryophytes
–
–
–
–
–
Have RSL
Nonvascular
No seeds
No flowers
Ex: mosses
• Pterophytes
–
–
–
–
–
RSL
Vascular
No seeds
No flowers
Ex: Ferns
• Gymnosperms
–
–
–
–
–
RSL
Vascular
Seeds
No flowers
Ex: Conifers
• Angiosperms
–
–
–
–
–
RSL
Vascular
Seeds
Flowers
Ex: Rose (all flowers)
Adaptations & Phylogeny
Bryophytes
Pterophytes
Conifers
Angiosperms
Vascular Tissue
• XYLEM
– Carries water UP and IN
• PHLOEM
– Carries food DOWN and
AROUND
Vegetative Structures
• ROOTS
– Soak up water and minerals from soil
– Anchor in place
– Root hairs
increase surface area
for more water absorption
Vegetative Structures
• STEMS
– Carry substances up and down plant
– Provide support for leaves & other parts
*may be woody (trees) or herbaceous (green)
Vegetative Structures
• MODIFIED STEMS
stolons, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs
Vegetative Structures
• LEAVES
– Make food for the plant (photosynthesis)
– Often covered with waxy cuticle (waterproof!)
– Main pigment is green (chlorophyll), but may
have others
Vegetative Structures
• LEAVES
DICOT LEAF
(branching veins)
MONOCOT LEAF
(parallel veins)
Vegetative Structures
•LEAF PARTS…what is each part for?
Cuticle
Guard cells
Stomata
Xylem/phloem
Mesophyll
Epidermis
Vegetative Structures
• MODIFIED LEAVES
tendrils, spines, succulents, colored bracts
Transpiration
• The loss of water through the stomata is
called transpiration
• Leaves must balance gas exchange with
water loss
Transpiration…Adaptation
• In hot, dry areas too much water is lost
(transpiration), so alternate methods must
be used
• Stomata not on the leaves
• Stomata only open at night
Quick Write…
• Explain how roots, stems and
leaves along with vascular tissue
function to ensure the survival of
a land plant….
(sounds like a good essay type question to me!!!)
Lab - Transpiration
I. Purpose: What factors increase transpiration in
celery?
II. Background:
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from a plant.
The water moves up through xylem, and exits through
the stomata. The class will test these conditions:
control - sunny - humid - windy - dark
III. Hypothesis:
Celery will transpire (lose water) the most when it is in
the _________ condition.
Lab - Transpiration
• IV. Procedure:
IV = ________________ DV = _______________
The DV will be measured by…
Picture of your group’s set-up:
Lab - Transpiration
• V. Data
Condition
Tested
Control
(Normal)
Windy
Humid
Sunny
Dark
Water Volume
(mL)
Water Volume
(mL)
Water Loss
Ranking
Day 1
Day 5
[1=most, 5=least]
Lab - Transpiration
• VI. Conclusions
1. The ___ had the most transpiration, because...
2. The ___ had the least transpiration, because...
3. The data DOES/DOES NOT support my hypothesis.
4. Two sources of error were _______ and _______.
(be descriptive enough that it is clear!)
Reproductive Structures
• FLOWERS
– Reproductive structures of the plant
– Are “showy” if animals needed to help
– Are tiny and plain if “nature” helps out (wind, etc)
Reproductive Structures
• FLOWER ANATOMY
Must know all of these…
Petals
Sepals – green; cover young bud
Pistil (Carpel) – female parts
~ stigma – sticky to catch pollen
~ style – tube to carry pollen down
~ ovary – holds eggs (ova)
Stamen – male parts
~ anther – holds mature pollen
~ filament – tube sends pollen up
Name the parts…
petal
stamen
pistil
sepal
Reproductive Structures
POLLEN
have tough, protective walls
around the sperm cells
(preserved in fossil record)
Adapted for various types of
transmission:
~ insects…sticky
~ animals…hooks/sticky
~ wind …numerous & light
~ digestion …tough coverings
Reproductive Structures
• FRUITS
– a mature ovary; contains seeds (embryos)
Fruits
Reproductive Structures
• SEED STRUCTURE
Seed – the embryo
Seed coat – protective covering
Radicle – becomes root
Endosperm – food for embryo
Plant Responses
• Phototropism
– Move toward light +
– Move away from -
• Gravitropism (geotropism)
– To ground (roots)
– Away from ground (stems)
• Thigmotropism
– Curls around solids (vines)
Plant Hormones
• Auxins
– Stimulate growth
• Gibberellins
– Stimulate growth, especially in flowers & fruits
• Abscissic Acid
– Stimulates cell death; leaves falling off
• Ethylene
– Stimulate ripening
The End
Two Groups of Angiosperms
MONOCOTS:
DICOTS:
Vegetative Structures
• ROOTS
DICOT ROOT
MONOCOT ROOT
Vegetative Structures
• STEMS
DICOT STEM
MONOCOT STEM
Reproductive Structures
FERTILIZATION
Pollen lands on stigma
Pollen tube grows
down to ovary
Two sperm discharged
~ one fertilizes egg
to make the zygote
~ other joins with 2
polar bodies to form
endosperm (nutritive
tissue for embryo)
Plant Hormones
• Auxins
– Stimulate growth
• Gibberellins
– Stimulate growth, especially in flowers & fruits
• Abscissic Acid
– Stimulates cell death; leaves falling off
• Ethylene
– Stimulate ripening