Transport System (Core)
Ms. Fargo
Assessment Statements
Obj.
6.2.1
Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, associated blood
vessels, valves and the route of blood through the heart.
1
6.2.2
State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
1
6.2.3
Explain the action of the heart in terms of collection of blood, pumping blood and
opening and closing of valves.
3
6.2.4
Outline control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role
of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline).
2
6.2.5
Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries
and veins.
3
6.2.6
State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and
lymphocytes) and platelets.
1
6.2.7
State that the following are transported by the blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea, heat.
1
Command terms: http://i-biology.net/ibdpbio/command-terms/
Assessment statements from: Online IB Biology Subject Guide
Hands-only CPR.
Your blood has oxygen in it – but it is not
getting to the brain and other organs.
Hands-only CPR keeps the blood flowing until
help arrives with the Automatic External
Difibrilator (AED). The electrical signal is
needed to re-start the heart, and we’ll learn
why this is in a little while.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILxjxfB4zNk
http://youtu.be/ILxjxfB4zNk
Call for help.
Push hard and fast to the beat of Stayin’ Alive.
Don’t stop until help arrives.
Learn more here: http://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/life-saving-skills/hands-only-cpr.aspx
Data practice: CPR survival rates.
Get started early to save a life!
These data compare compression-only CPR with
conventional CPR: neurologically favourable one-month
survival.
Population: bystander-assisted patients, transferred to
hospital by ambulance. Japan. 2005 – 2007.
Compression-only n=20,707
Conventional CPR n= 19,328
1. Compare survival rates of compression-only CPR
with conventional CPR in all cases (top graph).
1. Describe the effect of increasing time to start CPR
on survival of patients in cases of cardiac origin.
2. Calculate the difference in survival between handsonly CPR and conventional CPR in cases of noncardiac origin after 7-8 minutes.
3. Compare survival rates between cases of cardiac
and non-cardiac origin. Suggest a reason for the
differences.
Data from:
http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.c7106.full
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
6.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four
chambers, associated blood vessels, valves and the route of
blood through the heart.
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
6.2.2 State that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with
oxygen and nutrients.
• The coronary arteries supply heart muscle
with oxygen and nutrients.
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/heart_attack.html
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/obesity/heart_attack.html
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
http://www.nucleusinc.com/animation2.php
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/cyberheart/anthrt.htm
6.2.3 Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting
blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves.
•
The right atrium collects blood from the
superior and inferior vena cava and the left
atrium collects blood from the pulmonary veins.
This blood then flows into the right and left
ventricle which pump the blood into the
arteries. The direction of the blood flow is
controlled by the atrioventricular valves and
semilunar valves. When the atria contract the
blood flows through the atrioventricular valves
which are open, into the ventricle. At this stage
the semilunar valves are closed so the ventricle
fills with blood. The ventricles then contract
which causes a rise in pressure. This rise in
pressure first causes the atrioventricular valves
to close preventing back flow of blood into the
atria. Then the semilunar valves open allowing
the expulsion of blood into the arteries. As this
happens, the atria start to fill with blood again.
The ventricles stop contracting leading to a fall
in pressure which causes the semilunar valves to
close, preventing back flow of blood from the
arteries. When the ventricular pressure drops
below the atrial pressure the atrioventricular
valves open again and the cycle repeats.
• Summary:
• Atria collect blood from veins.
• Atria contract, atrioventricular
valves open.
• Blood is pumped into
ventricles.
• Ventricle contracts,
atrioventricular valves close
and semilunar valves open.
• Blood is pumped into arteries,
semilunar valves close.
• Cycle repeats.
6.2.3Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood,
pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves.
• Diastole
– Heart muscle is relaxed, this is called diastole
– No pressure in heart chambers
– Blood tries to flow back into the heart but closes the semilunar valves
– Both atria fill with blood returning to the heart in the veins
– Right atria fills with blood returning in the vena cava from
the body tissues (deoxygenated)
– The atrio-ventricular valves are still closed and the atria
fills up
– When the pressure in the atria is greater than the pressure
in the ventricles, the atrioventricular valves will open
6.2.3Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood,
pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves
• Atrial systole
– Both the atria contract together
– The muscles of the atria contract
– Volume of the atria reduces
– Pressure of blood increases
– Blood flows into the ventricle, filling this chamber
and causing the ventricle wall to stretch
6.2.3Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood,
pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves
• Ventricular systole
– The ventricle contracts (systole—think sieze=systole)
– The pressure increases in the ventricle
– The atrio-ventricular valve closes
– The pressure rises further
– Pressure in the ventricle is greater than the artery,
semi-lunar valve opens
– Blood pulses into the arteries
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/blood_system.swf
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic
muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the
medulla of the brain and epinephrine (adrenaline).
•
The heart muscle can contract by itself,
without the stimulation of a nerve. This is
called myogenic muscle contraction. The
region that initiates each contraction is
found in the wall of the right atrium and is
called the pacemaker (Sinoatrial Node).
Every time the pacemaker sends out a
signal, a heartbeat results. The pacemaker
is under the influence of nerves and
adrenaline. One nerve (Cranial Nerve)
carries messages from the medulla of the
brain to the pacemaker and speeds up the
beating of the heart. Another nerve
(Vagus Nerve) carries messages from the
medulla of the brain to the pacemaker
and slows down the beating of the heart.
Finally, adrenaline (epinephrine) is carried
by the blood and once it reaches the
pacemaker it signals it to increase the
beating of the heart.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Summary:
Heart muscle can contract by itself
(myogenic muscle contraction).
Pacemaker (Sinoatrial Node).
initiates contractions.
One nerve (Cranial Nerve) carries
messages from the brain to the
pacemaker to speed up the beating
of the heart.
One nerve (Vagus Nerve) carries
messages from the brain to the
pacemaker to slow down the beating
of the heart.
Adrenaline signals the pacemaker to
increase the beating of the heart.
6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muslces contraction, the
role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and epinephrin (adrenaline)
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
http://goo.gl/YeoeJ
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
(Answer on next slide)
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper_heart1.html
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
Answer!
• The right ventricle has less muscle than the left
ventricle because the pressure on the right side is
25% less. With less pressure, the heart needs less
muscle to pump the same amount of blood.
• The left ventricle is thicker that the right ventricle
because it pumps blood to most of the body
whiles the right ventricle only pumps blood to the
lungs. Pressure of blood in the aorta is high so
the left ventricle has to generate more pressure
while in the right ventricle the pressure of the
pulmonary artery is not as high.
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and
function of arteries, capillaries and veins.
• Arteries
– Arteries have a thick outer layer of longitudinal
collagen and elastic fibers to avoid leaks and
bulges. They have a thick wall which is essential to
withstand the high pressures. They also have thick
layers of circular elastic fibres and muscle fibres to
help pump the blood through after each
contraction of the heart. In addition the narrow
lumen maintains the high pressure inside the
arteries.
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and
function of arteries, capillaries and veins.
• Veins
– Veins are made up of thin layers with a few circular
elastic fibres and muscle fibres. This is because blood
does not flow in pulses and so the vein walls cannot
help pump the blood on. Veins also have thin walls
which allows the near by muscles to press against
them so that they become flat. This helps the blood to
be pushed forwards towards the heart. There is only a
thin outer layer of longitudinal collagen and elastic
fibres as there is low pressure inside the vein and so
little chance of bursting. Finally, a wide lumen is
needed to accommodate the slow flowing blood due
to the low pressure.
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and
function of arteries, capillaries and veins
• Capillaries
– Capillaries are made up of a wall that is only one cell
layer thick and results in the distance for diffusion in
and out of the capillary being very small so that
diffusion can occur rapidly. They also contain pores
within the their wall which allow some plasma to leak
out and form tissue fluid. Phagocytes can also pass
through these pores to help fight infections. In
addition, the lumen of the capillaries is very narrow.
This means that many capillaries can fit in a small
space, increasing the surface area for diffusion.
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, capillaries, and
veins
Stephen Taylor
http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and
function of arteries, capillaries and veins.
• Summary:
– Arteries:
• Thick outer layer of longitudinal collagen and elastic fibres prevents leaks and bulges.
• Thick wall withstands high pressure.
– Thick layers of circular elastic fibres and muscle fibres to pump blood.
• Narrow lumen to maintain high pressure.
– Veins:
• Thin layer with few circular elastic fibres and muscle fibres as blood does not flow in
pulses.
• Thin walls so that nearby muscles can help push blood towards the heart.
• Thin outer layer of longitudinal collagen and elastic fibers as pressure is low.
• Wide lumen to accomodate the slow flowing blood.
– Capillaries:
• Wall is one cell layer thick so distance for diffusion is small.
• Pores allow plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid. Phagocytes can also pass through
pores.
• Very narrow lumen so that many can fit in a small space.
Fargo! Keep it simple!
Artery
Capillary
Vein
Thick wall
Wall is 1 cell thick
Thin walled
No exchanges
All exchanges occur here
No exchanges
No internal valves
No internal valves
Have internal valves
High internal pressure
Low internal pressure
Low internal pressure
Narrow lumen
Narrow lumen
Wide lumen
Moves blood away from
heart
Moves blood from
arteries and transports
blood to veins
Takes blood back to heart
6.2.6 State that blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes,
leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets.
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell, transports oxygen
Leukocyte
White blood cells, or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes") are cells of the immune system involved in defending
the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials.
--Lymphocyte
Type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.
Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular
lymphocytes include natural killer cells (NK cells). Small lymphocytes consist of T cells and B cells.
Both are lymphocytes, a subclass of white blood cell. The t cells are mainly used in identifying antigens and
releasing chemicals which attack macrophages (big immune cells which 'eat' antigens), to destroy the antigen. b
cells are used in the production of antibodies. when they encounter a new antigen, plasma cells and memory
cells are formed from the division of a b cell. the memory cell remembers the antigen and which antibody to use,
while the plasma cell makes the antibodies to fight a particular antigen or class of antigens
--Phagocyte
Cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying
cells.
Platelets
Platelets, or thrombocytes are small, disk shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus), 2–
3 µm in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a
platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of
mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots.
Plasma
pale-yellow liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension. It makes
up about 55% of total blood volume.
Fargo…keep it simple
Component
Description
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (carry oxygen and carbon
dioxide)
Leucocytes
White blood cells (Phagocytes and
lymphocytes)
T cells are necessary for identifying antigens
B-cells are used in the production of
antibodies (proteins)
**Antigen—a substance that invokes an
immune response.
Platelets
Cell fragments (assist in blood clotting)
6.2.7 State that the following are transported by the blood:
What is transported
What it is or does
Nutrients
Glucose, amino acids, etc.
Oxygen
Reactant needed for aerobic
cell respiration
Carbon dioxide
CO2 and Water are products of
aerobic cell respiration.
CO2 is a waste product
Hormones
Transported from gland to
target cells
Antibodies
Protein molecules involved in
immunity
Urea
Nitrogenous waste (Filtered
out of the blood by kidneys)
Heat
Skin arterioles (smallest
artery) can change diameter in
order to gain or lose heat.