Name ________________________________________
Chapters 19, 21 – 22: Mechanisms of Evolution
Chapter 19: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
1. Identify Darwin’s three broad observations in his book The Origin of Species.
2. Define evolution.
3. Discuss Carolus Linnaeus’ taxonomy system with its branching classification of organisms.
4. Discuss Cuvier’s observations of fossils
5. Differentiate between Hutton’s gradualism and Lyell’s uniformitarianism.
6. Discuss Lamarck’s theory of evolution
Section 19.2
7. How did the Galapagos Islands and the native flora and fauna influence Darwin in his evolutionary
ideas?
8. What is Darwin’s descent with modification referring to?
9. In evolutionary terms, what is an adaptation?
10. According to Darwin, what exactly is meant by Natural Selection?
11. According to Figure 19.9, what is Darwin’s descent with modification concept based on?
12. How has the artificial selection of wild mustard played a role in plant breeding?
13. Give Darwin’s very important 4 observations and inferences that outline the natural selection process.
14. How did Thomas Malthus’ essay connect to Darwin’s natural selection theory?
15. In your own words, state the three parts of natural selection
Section 19.3
16. What is the smallest unit of evolution?
17. Discuss the soapberry experiment conducted by Scott Carroll and his colleagues in Florida. How does
this demonstrate natural selection?
18. Now to skeeve you out. Please discuss the origins of MRSA and explain how this demonstrates natural
selection at work.
19. A really important statement in the books states that “natural selection is a process of editing, not a
creative mechanism”. Explain this statement please.
20. Looking at figure 22-14 below of mammalian forelimbs, discuss how homologous structures show a
common ancestry.
21. What do vestigial organs tell us about our past?
22. Look at figure 19.18 of a sugar glider and a flying squirrel. Discuss their similarities and how they
demonstrate convergent evolution.
23. How are fossils used as evidence for evolution?
24. How did biogeography play are role in Darwin’s theories of evolution?
Chapter 21: The Evolution of Populations
Section 21.1
1. From the very first paragraph, discuss howthe definition of evolution changed in this chapter.
2.
Define microevolution.
3. Give the three main mechanisms for microevolution.
4.
Define genetic variation and how is genetic variation measured?
5.
Discuss the sources of variation on which evolution depends.
Section 21.2
6. Define a population.
7. What is meant by a gene pool?
8. Calculate the following allele frequencies in the given gene pool:
There are 600 carnations (Incomplete dominance is exhibited with carnation) in a population. 200 are
Red, 300 are Pink and 100 are White.
a. What is the allele frequency for the Red allele (p)?
b. What is the allele frequency for the White allele (q)?
c. What does p + q equal?
9. State the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
10. State the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, labeling what each value is referring to.
11. In a wild flower population, the flower color demonstrates incomplete dominance. The allele frequency
for the red allele (r) is 75% while that of the white allele (w) is 25%. Using the rule of multiplication,
calculate the genotype frequencies for the three types of genotypes (rr, rw and ww). When these
frequencies are summed up, what do they add up to?
12. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation, what will be the allele frequencies of the next
generation?
13. What are the five conditions for H-W equilibrium to be maintained?
14. How can the H-W equation be used today in terms of human health?
Section 21.3
15. What happens if H-W is not obeyed?
16. How is natural selection a violation of H-W equilibrium?
17. Discuss genetic drift and how it has a great influence on smaller populations.
18. Define:
a. The Founder Effect
b. The Bottleneck Effect
19. What impact does bottlenecking have on a population?
20. Give the 4 key points of genetic drift.
21. Define gene flow and discuss its importance to genetic variation in a population.
Section 21.4
22. What is different about the terms fitness and relative fitness?
23. Why is it said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes?
24. Use the diagram below to differentiate between the modes of selection.
25. What is sexual selection and how does it add to an organism’s fitness?
26. Discuss sexual dimorphism and give an example
27. How does balancing natural selection relate to the term balanced polymorphism?
28. Define and give an example of the following:
a. Heterozygote advantage
b. Frequency dependent selection
29. What are the limitations to Natural Selection?
Chapter 22: The Origin of Species
Section 22.1
1. Define speciation.
2. Differentiate between macro and microevolution
3.
What is the biological species concept?
4. What is reproductive isolation?
5. What are the differences between prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to reproduction?
6. Identify each of the following as prezygotic or postzygotic barriers and write a brief definition of each:
a. Habitat isolation
b. Temporal isolation
c. Behavioral isolation
d. Mechanical isolation
e. Gametic isolation
f. Reduced hybrid viability
g. Reduced hybrid fertility
h. Hybrid breakdown
7. Detail these other definitions of species:
a. Morphological species concept
b. Ecological species concept
c. Phylogenetic species concept
Section 22.2
8. What is the basis for allopatric speciation?
9. What does sympatric speciation mean?
10. What is the difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy?
11. How can sexual selection influence reproductive isolation?
Section 22.4
12. Compare and contrast the models of punctuated equilibrium to gradualism as models for the rate of
evolution. Does one have to exclude the other?
13. How does hybridization lead to speciation?