Chapter 14 and 15 Review Sheet
Name__________________________
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION:
1. Fossils
- Where are fossils formed?
- Formed in sedimentary rock
- Examples of fossils:
- Bones, imprints, shells, teeth
2. Homologous structures (give specific examples):
- Same structures in different organisms showing common ancestry.
- Forearm of a human, flipper of dolphin, wing of bat
3. Vestigial structures (give specific examples and 1 not in humans):
- structure that still exists but is not needed anymore
- Ex: wisdom teeth and appendix
- Ex: hindlimbs of a whale
4. What can embryology tell us about evolution?
- all embryos at some stage are similar (common ancestry)
NATURAL SELECTION:
5. Definition:
- Organisms that are best adapted to their environment, survive, reproduce, pass on
their traits
6. Natural selection can be contrasted to _artificial______________
_____selection______________ when a farmer breeds his/her best livestock.
7. Charles Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands. What did he observe on
the different islands? Be specific.
- He observed species of finch that all had different beaks, specific for the envt
they lived in
8. How did Charles Lyell influence Darwin?
He determined that geologic forces change Earth
9. Fill in the blanks:
Natural selection begins with a population. There are genetic differences
within a population, known as ___variation________________________. Due to
____overproduction_____________________ more offspring are produced than can
survive. Certain individuals leave more offspring than others. Their survival
is due to: (write an explanation below)
- adaptations that make them better fit to their environment
10. What is the raw material for natural selection?
- Mutation
MICROEVOLUTION:
11. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
- Micro- Small scale evolution (within a few generations)
- Macro- large scale evolution (takes time)
12. Define: allele frequency- how often a particular allele (gene) occurs
13. Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool (allele frequency) over time and
can be due to:
- The bottleneck effect:
- Due to a change in the environment only a certain portion of the population
survive
- Founder effect:
- the colonization of an area by a small group of individuals
- Gene flow:
- fertile individuals enter or leave a population
-
2 IMPORTANT EXAMPLES: The peppered moths and Darwin’s finches
14. In a deer population, if the gene frequency for long legs changes from 10% to
80%, what can you say about the population? They are evolving
SPECIATION
15. What is a population?
A group of the same species
16. Speciation- the evolution of a new species, can result from:
- Geographic isolation:
- a population is separated geographically ( allopatric speciation)
-
Reproductive isolation: (name and explain a few barriers like temporal,
behavioral, mechanical)
Temporal: timing of mating
Behavioral: different mating behaviors (songs)
Mechanical: parts don’t fit
17. A species that has evolved into several different forms living in different ways has
undergone ___adaptive radiation___________________________.
18. Timing of speciation
- Long, stable periods with rapid change is called ____punctuated
equilibrium_____________________.
-
Gradual changes over time is called _____gradualism_________________________.
19. Why would a geographic barrier like a river cause the formation of a new
species of beetle but not a new species of bird?
- birds can fly, their populations are never separated
Questions to Ponder:
20.
Do individuals evolve?
- NO, only populations
21.
Can an individual pass along acquired characteristics?
- NO!!!
CLASSIFICATION
22. What is the classification scheme beginning with Domain?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
23. Look at the chart and answer the following question below
Human
Ostrich
Dog
Kingdom
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordate
Class
Mammalia
Aves
Mammalia
Order
Primates
Struthioniformes Carnivore
Family
Hominidae
Struthionidae
Canidae
Genus
Homo
Struthio
Canis
Species
Sapian
camelus
lupus
Corn
Plantae
Anthophyta
Monocotyledoes
Commelinales
Poaceae
Zea
Zea mays
Which 2 organisms in the table are most closely related. Explain how you know.
Human and Dog because they share 3 groups
24. Recall our discussion on heterozygote advantage.
-
What is so interesting about people who are heterozygous for the sickle
cell trait?
- resistant to Malaria
- Why hasn’t the recessive allele been eliminated?
- because those that are heterozygous survive Malaria
-
What areas of the world would have a high frequency of heterozygotes,
why? – Coastal areas
25. You will have to analyze a phylogenetic tree (cladogram)- use the practice ones
we did in class