Chapter 20.1
Diversity of Fungi
FUNGI
FUNGI
• COMMON FUNGI
EXAMPLES:
– Mushrooms, yeasts,
molds, morels,
bracket fungi, puff
balls
Key Concepts:
• Fungi are heterotrophs
• Fungi are the decomposers
• Fungi use extracellular digestion – when
enzymes are secreted outside of their body
to digest food
• Most fungi are multicellular
• Fungal spores develop from hyphae
• Many fungi are symbionts with other
organisms
Characteristics of Fungi
• Multicellular
– Plant looking
– Mushrooms, molds
• Single cell
– Yeasts
– Found in soil, on plants,
in humans
Yeast
– Bread, beer, wine
– Cause yeast infections in humans
3 Major Features
1.Cell walls
– Made of Chitin
– The same stuff that makes insects’
exoskeleton.
2. Hyphae
•
•
•
•
The basic structure of fungi.
Long, thread-like chains of cells.
Grow at the tips and branch…
Mycelium – mass of hyphae
3. Cross-walls
• The wall that divides cells
• “septum”
FUNGI
• FRUITING BODY
– Visible part
– Contains spore producing structures
– Like a mushroom cap
Button
Fungi Nutrition
• 3 ways fungi absorb nutrition:
– Saprophytic – feed on dead matter
• Example – bracket fungi
– Parasitic - feed on living organisms and only
the parasite benefits from the relationship
• Example - ringworm
– Mutualistic – both organisms benefit from the
relationship
• Example - mycorrhizae
Fungi Reproduction
• 3 kinds of fungi reproduction:
– Budding
– Fragmentation
– Spore production
Sporophores
• The fruiting body of a spore forming fungus
Bread Mold
Sporangium
• The sac where spores are produced
• Protects spores from drying out
Chapter 20.2
Fungi Phyla
5 Phyla of Fungi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chytridiomycota - Chytrids
Zygomycota – Common Molds
Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi
PURPLE CORAL FUNGUS Clavaria
RUBBER CUP FUNGUS Sarcosorna
SULFUR SHELF FUNGUS Polyporus
TRUMPET CHANTARELLE
Caraterellus
BIG LAUGHING MUSHROOM Gymnophilus
SCARLET HOOD Hygrophorus
The light
red coral
Fungus,
Ramaria
The shelf
Fungus,
Polyporus
Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria
Causes hallucinations when eaten.
A.ocreata
Very poisonous
1. Phylum Chytridiomycota
Mostly marine.
Mostly saprophytes.
Have flagellated spores.
2. Phylum Zygomycota
Mostly terrestrial.
Two types of hyphae:
Stolons – spread across
the surface
Rhizoids – digs into the
surface
zygospore (2n)
nuclear fusion
Diploid Stage
Haploid Stage
meiosis
germinating
zygospore
50 µm
spores
(n)
young zygospore
spores
(n)
gametangia
fusing
Zygospore
Spore sac
mycelium
develops from
germinated
spore
stolon
rhizoids
contact between
hyphae of two mating
strains
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
(mitosis)
molds
ascospore
(sexual
spore)
3. Phylum Ascomycota
Most are multicellular
except for yeast.
Most undergo asexual
reproduction.
Sac Fungi
ascospore
(sexual
spore)
spore sac
spore-bearing
hypha of this
ascoscarp
ascoscarp
ascoscarp Morels
conidia (chains of
asexual spores)
budding yeast cell
yeasts
4. Phylum Basidiomycota
Major decomposers of wood.
Mostly sexual reproduction.
Club Fungi
mushrooms
GIANT PUFFBALL
Humongous Fungus (Honey
Mushroom)
5. Phylum Deuteromycota
•Asexual Reproduction (sexual
reproduction has never been seen)
•Imperfect Fungi
Ringworm
Chapter 20.3
Ecology of Fungi
Mutualistic Fungi
• Some Fungi form Mutualistic relationships
H
with other organisms:
i
– Lichen
– Mycorrhizae
crustose
Lichens
Bioindicators
Pioneer species
Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or
photosynthetic bacteria)
foliose
dispersal
fragment (cells of
mycobiont and of
photobiont)
cortex (outer
layer of
mycobiont)
photobionts
medulla (inner
layer of loosley
woven hyphae)
cortex
Crustose
Old Man’s
Beard
Usnea –
fructicose
Leaf-like - foliose
Erect branching
Lichen
Cladonia rangiferina
fructicose
Crustose
foliose
fructicose
Mycorrhizae
•Fungi + plant
roots
• Increases surface
area
Fungi
• Molds
– Penicillium
• Penicillin
• Camembert and
Roquefort
cheeses
– Aspergillus
• Soy sauce
• Soft drinks - citric
acid
• Yeasts
– Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
• Bread, wine and
beer
– Candida albicans
• Infections
Fungi and Humans
• Medical uses:
– Penicillin
Penicillin
Fungi and Humans
• Food:
Morel
– Morels, truffels, yeast
Truffel
Fungi and Humans
• Bioremediation – clean the environment.
Fungi and Humans
• Harmful Fungi:
Some Pathogenic and Toxic
Fungi
Ascomycetes
Zygomycetes
Ajeliomyces capsulatus-
Rhizopus - Food
Histoplasmosis
Aspergillus – sinus, ear,
spoilage
lung infection
Basidiomycetes
Puccinia graminis Wheat Rust
Ustilago maydis
Corn Smut
Microsporium sp.
Various ringworms.
Verticillium sp Plant wilt
Monilinia fructicolaBrown Rot of Peaches