Classification of Components and
Approaches of Ad hoc Routing
Protocols
Myung Lee & Tarek Saadawi
CCNY
October 22nd, 2004
Component-Based Routing
Core components
Components possessed by most routing
protocols.
Auxiliary components
Additional components that are not
essential to all routing protocols
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Core Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Route discovery
Route selection
Route formation /representation
Data forwarding
Route maintenance
Routing metrics
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Auxiliary Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Neighbor discovery and
maintenance
Hierarchical structure
Multicast
Security
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Core Components
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(1) Route Discovery
Finding potential route(s) to a destination
Reactive
Proactive
Hybrid
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Route Discovery (cont.)
Reactive
Full-flooding RREQ (AODV)
Limited-Flooding RREQ (LAR)
Position based
Direction based
Region based
Expanding ring
A priori knowledge
Efficient broadcast
Probabilistic RREQ (ANT, GPS Any-like)
Hybrid
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Route Discovery (cont.)
Proactive
Broadcasting cost-to-all to neighbors (DSDV)
Update message (cost-to-all) stops at neighbors,
each node periodically updates its neighbors
Broadcasting cost-to-neighbor to all (LSR)
Update message (cost-to-neighbor) floods to the
network
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Route Discovery (cont.)
Proactive (cont.)
Broadcasting cost-to-neighbor to neighbors
Update message (cost-to-neighbor) stops at neighbors,
each node periodically (constant period) updates its
neighbors (GSR, TRR)
Update message (cost-to-neighbor) stops at neighbors,
each node periodically (different period based on distance
to update originator) updates its neighbors (FSR, DREAM)
Unicast cost-to-all to a neighbor
Update message (cost-to-all) stops at a neighbor, each
neighbor periodically updates one of its neighbors (Angle
SINR Table Routing)
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Route Discovery (cont.)
Hybrid: Examples
Proactive for intra-cluster, reactive for intercluster (ZRP)
Proactive for virtual backbone, reactive for enddevices (TTDD)
Distance vector for neighborhood, self-routing
for distant nodes (Terminode routing)
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(2) Route Selection
Selecting the best route(s) to a destination
from the potential routes.
Reactive
Proactive
Hybrid
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Route Selection (cont.)
Reactive
Source behavior
Select one or more routes from multiple RREPs (AODV,
AOMDV)
Select the first arrived RREP and discard later RREPs
(AODVjr)
Accept all RREPs (AOMDV)
Destination behavior
Select from multiple RREQs and reply with one/more
RREP(s) (AODV)
Select from multiple RREQs and reply with one RREP
(delayed RREP) (LBR)
Reply to all RREQs (AODVM: all; AOMDV: up to k RREPs)
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Route Selection (cont.)
Reactive (cont.)
Intermediate node behavior
Creating one or multiple routing entries based on
RREQ filtering metric
RREQ filtering
Filtering duplicated RREQs (AODV)
Relaying RREQs without filtering
Filtering RREQs based on the interface the RREQ
came from (SMR for link disjoint multipath)
Filtering RREQs based on cost (ABR)
Filtering RREQs based on whether they are in the
forwarding zone (LAR, Region-based routing).
Filtering RREQs based on traffic flow conditions
(LBR)
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Route Selection (cont.)
Proactive
Optimization based on distance vector (DSDV)
Optimization based on link state (OLSR, FSR,
ZHLS)
Calculation based on tree topology (nerRFon)
Calculation based on position information
(GPSR, GREEDY)
Hybrid (ZRP: Proactive for intra-cluster,
reactive for inter-cluster)
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(3) Route Formation/ Representation
Means to store routing information.
Exact route
Route guidance
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Route Formation/Representation (cont.)
Exact route
Routing table (AODV)
Interest entry (DD)
Route in the packet (DSR)
Binary tree (tree routing)
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Route Formation/Representation (cont.)
Route guidance
Cost table (GRAd)
Geographical information
Exact positions (GPSR)
Pointer (TERMINODE)
Approximate region (ZHLS, LABAR)
Hierarchical structure information
Cluster headers (CBRP)
Cores (CEDAR)
Landmarks (LANMAR)
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(4) Route Maintenance
Proper update/ repair of routes to address
network dynamics
Route refreshing
Failure handling
Route invalidation
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Route Maintenance (cont.)
Route refreshing
Reactive
Control packet (GPS Ant-like )
Data packet (AODV)
Automatic update when predefined or estimated
route lifetime expires (LBR, LUNAR)
Hybrid (AODVjr)
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Route Maintenance (cont.)
Route refreshing (cont.)
Proactive
Distance vector update (DSDV)
Link state update (LSR)
Location information update (DREAM)
Hierarchical structure update (ZHLS)
Hybrid (ZRP: Proactive for intra-cluster, reactive
for inter-cluster )
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Route Maintenance (cont.)
Failure handling
Reactive
Rediscovery (AODV, DSR, DREAM)
Local repair (AODV, LAR)
Alternative path (multipath like TORA)
Route cache (DSR)
Data cache (CHAMP)
Proactive (handled by the route refreshing
process )
Hybrid (GRA)
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(5) Data Forwarding
Means to forward data packets based on route
information
Unicast
Data broadcast + neighbor filtering (GRAd)
Flooding
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Data Forwarding (cont.)
Unicast
Routing table
Deterministic
One route
Multiple routes
* Simultaneously
* Alternatively
Probabilistic
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Data Forwarding (cont.)
Unicast (cont.)
Self-routing (without routing table)
Tree routing
Location-based routing
Send to the neighbor in the transmission range
that is closest to destination node (Greedy)
Send to the neighbor cluster that is closest to
destination node (LABAR)
Hybrid of above approaches (Terminode, GRA)
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(6) Routing Metrics
Parameters used by routing algorithms to
determine route optimality
Hop
Connectivity
Link QoS
Route QoS
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Routing Metrics (cont.)
Route QoS
E2E delay/Jitter
Reliability
Throughput
Security
Energy
Node lifetime
Network lifetime
Processing power (CPU, memory)
Etc.
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Auxiliary Components
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Auxiliary Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
Oct. 22, 2004
Neighbor discovery and
maintenance
Hierarchical structure
Multicast
Security
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(1) Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance
Dynamic maintenance of neighborhood
information such as location, direction, ID,
resources etc.
Synchronous approach
Asynchronous approach
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Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance
(cont.)
Synchronous approach
Beacon/Hello
1-hop neighbor information
2-hop neighbor information (OLSR, GLS,
TERMINODE)
Asynchronous approach
Control packet (LBR, AODV)
Data packet (AODV)
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(2) Hierarchical Structure
Organizing a group of network nodes into one
or multiple level architecture.
Flat
Hierarchical
Homogeneous (proactive or reactive)
Heterogeneous (proactive and reactive) (ZRP)
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(3) Multicast
The transmission of a packet from a sender
to a group of receivers
Tree based
Source tree
Shared tree
Mesh based
Broadcast
Multiple unicasts
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(4) Security
Means to achieve secure communication
(confidentiality, integrity, freshness, and
authentication)
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Next Step
Analyses of Approaches
Derivation of Dependency Graph of
Approaches
Component Researches
Multipath
Route discovery
Efficient broadcasting
Oct. 22, 2004
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CBR Reference List
Papers reviewed: 90
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[DSRFLOW] YIH-CHUN HU, DAVID B. JOHNSON, DAVID A. MALTZ Flow State
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[LUNAR] C. Tschudin and R. Gold, “LUNAR: Lightweight underlay network adhoc
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[QL] R. Castenada, S. R. Das, and M. K. Marina, “Query localization techniques for
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[STAR] J.J. GARCIA-LUNA, M. SPOHN Source Tree Adaptive Routing Internet
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Oct. 22, 2004
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[TBRPF ] R. G. Ogier et al., “Topology Broadcast based on Reverse-Path Forwarding
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[AODVM: multipath] Zhenqiang Ye, Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy, Satish K. Tripathi, A
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[GMR : multipath] G. Koh, D. Oh1 and H. Woo, A Graph-based Approach to
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[MMRP : multipath] S. De, C. Qiao H. Wu, Meshed multipath routing with selective
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[Broadcast 1] M. Sun, W. Feng and T.H. Lai, "Location aided broadcast in wireless ad
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[GPS Ant-like] Daniel Camara and Antonio Alfredo F. Loureiro,
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[LAR] Y. Ko and N.H. Vaidya,
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Oct. 22, 2004
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[ZHLS] Mario Joa-Ng and I-Tai Lu,
“A Peer-to-peer Zone-Based Two-level Link State Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks”,
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[LABAR] Gergely V. Zaruba and Vamsi K. Chaluvadi
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[GPSR] Brad Karp and H.T. Kung
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University of California, Berkeley
Oct. 22, 2004
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[Quorum] Zygmunt J. Hass and Ben Liang
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[Survey 3] Dragos Niculescu
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IEEE Network, July/August 2004
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[Infra-structure AODV] Anders Lindgren, Olov Schelen, Infra-Structure Aodv for
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[Minimum Energy] V. Rodoplu and T. H. Meng. Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless
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Oct. 22, 2004
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[CBRP] Cluster Based Routing Protocol
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-cbrp-spec-01.txt
[CEDAR] Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-cedar-spec-00.txt
[DDR] Distributed Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks
http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/ddr.ps
Scalable Routing Strategies for Ad hoc Wireless Networks
http://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless/PAPER/jsac99.ps.gz
[FSR] Fisheye State Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-fsr-02.txt
[HARP] Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol
http://www.eurecom.fr/~nikaeinn/harp.ps
Oct. 22, 2004
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[LANMAR] Landmark Routing Protocol for Large Scale Ad Hoc Networks
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-lanmar-03.txt
[ZRP] The Zone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-02.txt
[BRP] The Bordercast Resolution Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-brp-02.txt
[IERP] The Interzone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-ierp-02.txt
[IARP] The Intrazone Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks
IETF: draft-ietf-manet-zone-iarp-02.txt
Oct. 22, 2004
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[NAMR] Siuli Roy, Dola Saha, Somprakash Bandyopadhyay, Tetsuro Ueda, Shinsuke
Tanaka; A Network-Aware MAC and Routing Protocol for Effective Load Balancing in
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Directional Antennas in Mobile Ad hoc Networks; Proceedings of the 6th international
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Oct. 22, 2004
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[RIDA] Amit Saha, and David B. Johnson; Routing Improvement using Directional
Antennas in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks; Rice University, Department of Computer
Science Technical Report - TR03-420. To appear in Globecom 2004, Dallas, Texas, Nov
2004.
[EFCD AntennasSpyropoulos, A.; Raghavendra; Energy Efficient Communications in
Ad Hoc Networks Using Directional, C.S.;INFOCOM 2002. Twenty-First Annual Joint
Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Proceedings.
IEEE , Volume: 1 , 23-27 June 2002 Pages:220 - 228 vol.1
Oct. 22, 2004
CCNY
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