Day 1
• Quiz
• When done complete hope survey
– Subscale Agency: add 2, 9, 10, and 12
– Subscale Pathway: add 1, 4, 6, and 8
– Total: add 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12
• Complete Exploration Inventory
– Add up 1 – 18
• Reminder: Cognitive paper due Friday
Unit Overview
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Motivational Concepts
Hunger
Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong
Introduction
• Why do you think people go to
college?
• Motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
• Inspired by what perspective?
• Instinct
• Flaws of the instinct theory of motivation
• Instinct theory does fail to explain human motives but
research shows that genes do predispose our typical
behavior (think evolutionary psychology and sex appeal)
Pushed by our ‘need’ to reduce drives
• Drive-reduction theory
Homeostasis
Pulled by Incentives
• Incentive
–Positive (lure us) and negative (repel us)
–Example for food?
• Need + incentive = strong drive
–Hunger + smell of good food makes you
very hungry
Optimum Arousal
• Flaw of drive reduction theory
• Optimum level of arousal
• When your basic needs are met you can
focus on other motives – if your basic
needs are not met your strong drive to eat
will take over and you will not be able to
focus on other motives such as making
and reaching goals
• Whose theory does this describe?
Flaws of Maslow’s Theory?
Ancel Keys Research
• Ancel Keys – 36 male participants cutting food
portions in half for six months. Results?
The Physiology of Hunger
• Washburn study:
– Results:
• Stomachs removed in rats – did they still eat?
• Glucose
Body Chemistry and the Brain
• What hormone reduces blood glucose?
• Which brain part is in charge of hunger?
The hypothalamus and Hunger
• Lateral hypothalamus
– Stimulate:
– Remove:
• When blood sugar levels drop the lateral hypothalamus
produces what hunger-triggering hormone?
• Vetromedial hypothalamus
• Stimulate:
• Destroy it?
The Physiology of Hunger
• Appetite hormones
• Appetite suppressants:
• Set point
• Basal metabolic rate
The Psychology of Hunger
• Hunger and amnesia
• Taste preferences
– When depressed we crave what?
– I do not like sushi, how could I fix this?
– Cultural differences:
• we don’t eat dog, horse, rat
The Psychology of Hunger
• Adaptive/evolutionary:
–Neophobia
–Conditioned: taste aversion
–Pregnancy related nausea
Ecology of eating
• Social facilitation:
• Unit bias:
The Psychology of Hunger
Eating Disorders
• Eating disorders
–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia nervosa
–Binge-eating disorder
Level of Analysis for Our Hunger
Motivation
Obesity and Weight Control
• Historical explanations for obesity
• Obesity
–Obesity and life expectancy
The Social Effects of Obesity
• Stereotypes:
• Study results?
• Weight discrimination
• Psychological effects of obesity
Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
• Fat Cells
Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
• Set point and metabolism
The Physiology of Obesity
• The genetic factor
• The food and activity factor
Obesity and Weight Control
Losing Weight
• Realistic and moderate goals
• Success stories
A Twinkie Tax
Is fighting fat a social responsibility?
• “The nation’s obesity epidemic may soon
overtake tobacco as the leading cause of
preventable death, the U.S. Surgeon General
has called for changes in policies – from
schools to the fast-food industries- to combat
the problem. “
• First: What can be done (in schools and
community)
• Second: Should it be done?
Sexual Motivation
• How is it unlike hunger motivation?
• How is it similar to hunger motivation?
• Sexual motivation
The Physiology of Sex
The Sexual Response Cycle
• Sexual response cycle
– Excitement phase
– Plateau phase
– Orgasm
– Resolution phase
The Physiology of Sex
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
• Effects of hormones
• Estrogen
– Peak during ovulation – meaning what?
The Physiology of Sex
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
• Testosterone
• Women:
• Fluctuations of testosterone in
men:
External stimuli
Men and women report the same
arousal in response to erotic material
External stimuli – Is pornographic
material harmful?
1. Depictions of women being sexually
coerced (and enjoying it)
2. Viewing images of sexually attractive
women and men
3. After males view TV or magazine
depictions of sexually attractive
women
4. Viewing x-rated sex films
The Psychology of Sex - Imagined
stimuli
Brain can influence sexual arousal
– Dreams
– Sexual fantasies
• Differences in fantasies?
– Does fantasizing about sex indicate a sexual problem or dissatisfaction?
Adolescent Sexuality
• Cultural differences
• Environmental factors
Adolescent Sexuality
Teen Pregnancy
• Ignorance
• Minimal communication about birth
control
• Guilt related to sexual activity
• Alcohol use
• Mass media norms of unprotected
promiscuity
Adolescent Sexuality
Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Statistics of STIs
• Teen abstinence (engagement – school,
religion, families, prosocial projects)
–High intelligence
–Religious engagement
–Father presence
–Participation in service learning programs
Sexual Orientation
• Sexual orientation
• Sexual orientation statistics
Sexual Orientation
• Homosexuality not an indicator of mental
health – but increased risk for suicidal
thoughts and attempts. Why?
• Erotic plasticity
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• No found environmental causes
• Differences in populations
• Origins of sexual orientation studies
– Fraternal birth order effect - unclear why
– How do we know it is biological?
• Same-sex attraction in animals
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• The brain and sexual orientation
–Gay men and straight women have brain
hemispheres of similar size
–Hypothalamic differences (involved in
neural pathway engaged in sexual
behavior)
–Responses to hormone-derived sexual
scents
Sexual Orientation
Origins of Sexual Orientation
• Genes and sexual orientation
• Prenatal Hormones
Sexual Orientation
• Genes, parts of the brain, brain functions,
prenatal hormones, birth order effect: many
studies about homosexual orientation are
correlation
– What does this mean?
– Not a (proved) causation
The Need to Belong
The Need to Belong
• The pain of ostracism
–Silent treatment, cyberostracism
–negative consequences
The Need to Belong
• Wanting to belong
• Sustaining relationships
The Need to Belong
• Aiding survival – how?
Definition
Slides
Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs
behavior.
Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly
patterned throughout a species and is
unlearned.
Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates
an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state; the regulation of
any aspect of body chemistry, such as
blood glucose, around a particular level.
Incentive
= a positive or negative environment
stimulus that motivates behavior
Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs,
beginning at the base with physiological
needs that must first be satisfied before
higher-level safety needs and then
psychological needs become active.
Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the
blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues. When its level is
low, we feel hunger.
Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight
thermostat” is supposedly set. When the
body falls below this weight, an increase in
hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may
act to restore the lost weight.
Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy
expenditure.
Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person
(usually an adolescent female) diets and
becomes significantly (15 percent or more)
underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues
to starve.
Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by
episodes of overeating, usually highcalorie foods, followed by vomiting,
laxative use, fasting, or excessive
exercise.
Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed
by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without
the compensatory purging, fasting, or
excessive exercise that marks bulimia
nervosa.
Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson –
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.
Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which
a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted
in greater amount by females than males
and contributing to female sex
characteristics. In nonhuman female
mammals, estrogen levels peak during
ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have
it, but the additional testosterone in males
stimulates the growth of the male sex
organs in the fetus and the development of
the male sex characteristics during
puberty.
Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward
members of either one’s own sex
(homosexual orientation) or the other sex
(heterosexual orientation).