CHAPTER
11
Anatomy and
Physiology of the
Human Body
UNIT
8
The Circulatory System
11 - 2
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4 Main Parts of the Circulatory System
1.
The heart

2.
The blood vessels

3.
Act like the plumbing
The blood

4.
Acts like a pump
The circulating fluid
The lymphatic system

Acts to provide auxiliary fluid
11 - 3
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The Anatomy of the Heart



Located behind the sternum and in
between the lungs
Two-thirds of the heart is on the left side
of the chest.
The heart is about the size of a clenched
fist.
11 - 4
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The Internal Heart Structures
11 - 5
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The External Heart Structures
11 - 6
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The Heart Sounds

The lubb-dupp sounds

Lubb



First sound
Caused by the valves slamming shut
Dupp


Second sound
Caused by the closure of the semilunar valves
11 - 7
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The Pacemaker of the Heart


A specialized group of nerve cells
located in the right atrium is called the
sinoatrial (SA) node or the “pacemaker.”
These cells generates the electrical
impulse that starts the wave of muscle
contractions in the heart.
11 - 8
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5 Types of Blood Vessels
1.
Arteries


2.
Arterioles

11 - 9
Vessels throughout the body that expand
and contract as they carry fresh, oxygenated
blood away from the heart
The only exception is the pulmonary artery,
which carries deoxygenated blood to the
lungs.
Connect arteries to capillaries
(continued)
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5 Types of Blood Vessels
3.
Capillaries



Oxygen-rich blood enters the capillary bed,
where the exchange of gasses occurs.
When blood leaves the capillary bed, it
carries away carbon dioxide and waste.
Capillary beds reduce the rate of blood flow
and allow oxygen and nutrients to enter the
tissue cells in exchange for carbon dioxide
and waste.
11 - 10
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5 Types of Blood Vessels
4.
Veins



11 - 11
Similar to arteries, but the walls are thinner
and they lack elastic fibers
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the
heart
Exception: The pulmonary veins return
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart.
(continued)
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5 Types of Blood Vessels
5.
Venules

Join together with the capillaries to form
veins that eventually enter the heart through
the vena cava
11 - 12
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Portal Circulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Arteries branch off the aorta as it
descends to the internal organs.
Each organ then receives the
substances on which it reacts.
These substances can be sugar, salt,
hormones, chemicals, nutrients, or
waste.
Everything you eat, drink, inhale, or inject
enters the circulatory system.
11 - 13
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The Pathway of Blood through the
Pulmonary Circulation
11 - 14
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The Pathway of Blood through the
Systemic Circulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
11 - 15
Blood leaves the left ventricle and enters
the aorta.
Blood travels throughout the body in the
aorta.
The aorta divides at the fourth lumbar
vertebra.
The external branch becomes the
femoral artery and continues down the
leg.
(continued)
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The Pathway of Blood through the
Systemic Circulation
5.
6.
7.
8.
11 - 16
The arteries become arterioles and join
the capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood leaves the
capillaries and enters the venules and
veins.
The major veins of the lower extremities
join with the inferior vena cava.
The major veins of the upper extremities
join with the superior vena cava.
(continued)
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The Pathway of Blood through the
Systemic Circulation
9.
The superior and inferior vena cava
empty into the right atrium of the heart.
11 - 17
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The Structure of the Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is made up of:







Lymph nodes
Lymph (a straw-colored fluid)
Lymph vessels
Spleen
Lymph tissue
Tonsils
Thymus gland
11 - 18
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The Components of Whole
Blood and Their Roles

Red blood cells (RBCs)




11 - 19
Erythrocytes
Contain hemoglobin which gives blood its
red color
Hemoglobin attracts and carries oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood.
Erythrocytes live about 4 months.
(continued)
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The Components of Whole
Blood and Their Roles

White blood cells (WBCs)


11 - 20
Leukocytes
Leukocytes play a vital role in defending the
body against invasion by chasing down
bacteria.
(continued)
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The Components of Whole
Blood and Their Roles


Granulocytes are white blood cells
produced in the red bone marrow.
There are three types:



11 - 21
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
(continued)
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The Components of Whole
Blood and Their Roles

Neutrophils


Eosinophils


Respond to allergic reactions or parasites
Basophils

11 - 22
Surround, swallow, and digest bacteria
Respond to chronic infection
(continued)
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The Components of Whole
Blood and Their Roles

Agranulocytes

White blood cells produced by bone marrow
and lymph tissue that break down into two
types:
1.
2.
11 - 23
Lymphocytes produce immunity by developing
antibodies and attaching to and destroying
foreign bodies.
Monocytes eat and destroy bacteria.
(continued)
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The Components of Whole
Blood and Their Roles

Platelets




Thrombocytes
Smallest of the three cells
Formed in the bone marrow from cell
fragments
Platelets function in the process of clotting
blood
11 - 24
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The Clotting Process
1.
2.
3.
11 - 25
The cut vessel attracts or catches
platelets.
Platelets form a small mass at the cut.
Platelets release a chemical that causes
the vessel to narrow and decreases
blood loss until a clot forms.
(continued)
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The Clotting Process
4.
5.
Platelets and the injured tissue release
thromboplastin, which begins to create a
reaction that forms a network of fine
mesh fibers over the cut.
This net catches the red blood cells,
platelets, and plasma and forms the clot.
11 - 26
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Blood Types and Their Importance


Blood types are determined by the
presence of a protein factor, called an
antigen, on the surface of the red blood
cell.
There are 4 types of blood:
1.
2.
3.
4.
11 - 27
A
B
AB
O
(continued)
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Blood Types and Their Importance



Blood plasma also has a protein
substance, called an antibody, that reacts
to the protein on the surface of the blood
cell.
Blood clumps and forms clots if antigens
and antibodies of the same type come
together.
During blood transfusions, determining
the blood type can prevent this reaction.
11 - 28
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The Importance of the Rh Factor



Originally detected in, and named after,
the Rhesus monkey
An antigen that may or may not be
present in the red blood cell
If a person without the antigen receives
blood with the antigen, the body
produces antibodies that can cause
serious complications.
11 - 29
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Diagnostic Tests
11 - 30
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Arteriography


X-ray examination of the arteries after
injection of a contrast medium
This test indicates the status of blood
flow, aneurysms, or the presence of
hemorrhage.
11 - 31
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Cardiac Catheterization


A catheter is inserted into the brachial or
femoral artery and is passed up into the
heart.
A contrast medium is injected into the
catheter to permit visualization of the
heart chambers, valves, and pulmonary
and coronary arteries.
11 - 32
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Doppler Ultrasonography


Sound waves are transmitted through the
skin and are reflected by blood cells
moving through the blood vessels.
This test evaluates blood vessels and
can diagnose deep vein thrombosis,
aneurysms, and arterial blockages.
11 - 33
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Echocardiograph


Uses high-frequency sound waves to
make images of the internal heart
structures.
This test evaluates cardiac function, the
condition of the heart valves, defects in
the heart walls, and the presence of fluid
between layers of the pericardium.
11 - 34
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Electrocardiograph (EKG)


Provides a graphic recording of the
electrical activity of the heart
This test identifies heart rhythms and
provides a method of detecting the
progression of cardiac disease.
11 - 35
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Holter Monitor



An ambulatory EKG that records heart
activity over a 24-hour period.
This test helps to evaluate symptoms
that occur irregularly.
This test can also evaluate the status of
recovering cardiac patients.
11 - 36
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Heart Scan


Computerized CT scan that sweeps
electron beams so fast that it freezes the
beating motion of the heart.
This test diagnoses the presence of
plaque and coronary occlusion.
11 - 37
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MUGA SCAN



Multiple-gated acquisition scan
After isotopes are injected into the vein
and taken up by the myocardium, a
camera records the motion of the heart.
This test evaluates the condition of the
myocardium.
11 - 38
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Myocardial Perfusion Imaging



This test measures the passage of blood
through the coronary arteries to the
myocardium.
The blood vessels are dilated and a
radioactive material is injected.
This material concentrates in the areas
of the myocardium with good blood flow.
11 - 39
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Venogram

X-ray studies using a contrast medium to
determine the condition of the deep veins
of the legs
11 - 40
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Diseases and Disorders
11 - 41
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Anemia


Term used to indicate elements that are
lacking in the blood
Iron-deficiency anemia


Aplastic anemia


Injury or destruction of blood cell formation
by the bone marrow
Blood loss anemia

11 - 42
Lack of iron
Condition of low red blood cell count
occurring over an extended period of time
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Aneurysm



Ballooning out of the wall of an artery
Often associated with atherosclerosis or
arteriosclerosis
Cerebral aneurysms


Thoracic aneurysms


Occur in the brain
Occur in the chest
Abdominal aneurysms

Occur in the abdomen
11 - 43
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Angina



Severe chest pain that radiates down the
inner surface of the left arm
Usually associated with emotional stress
or physical exertion
May last from a few seconds to several
minutes
11 - 44
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Cardiac Arrest



Complete, sudden cessation of heart
action
Rapidly fatal
Produces brain damage after 5 minutes
11 - 45
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Arrhythmia



Any abnormal changes in the heart
rhythm
Can range from mild to life threatening
Classified according to the origin (e.g.,
atria) or the irregularity (e.g., premature,
fibrillation)
11 - 46
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Arteriosclerosis



“Hardening” of the arteries and arterioles
Causes: Muscular and elastic tissue is
replaced by fibrous tissue and
calcification.
The heart must exert more pressure
because the vessels no longer expand
and recoil with each heartbeat.
11 - 47
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Atherosclerosis


The development of fatty material along
the lining of the arteries.
The openings of the arteries may be
partially or completely blocked, reducing
or eliminating blood flow to the area.
11 - 48
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Athletic Heart Syndrome


Cardiac changes that occur as a result of
strenuous exercise
The heart enlarges, especially the
ventricles, because of the need for
increased output.
11 - 49
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Carditis


Inflammation of the heart
Results from an infectious process
caused by the invasion of a virus,
fungus, or bacterial pathogen
11 - 50
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Cerebrovascular Accident


Sudden impairment of the flow of blood
to the brain that interrupts the flow of
oxygen and causes damage or
destruction to brain tissue
Commonly called a stroke
11 - 51
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Congestive Heart Failure


A group of cardiac dysfunctions that
results in poor performance of the heart
with related congestion of the circulatory
system
This disorder can be a complication of
coronary artery disease.
11 - 52
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Coronary Artery Disease


A disease of the arteries that surround
the heart and carry oxygen and nutrients
to the myocardium
Causes angina-like symptoms, nausea,
vomiting, fainting, and perspiration
11 - 53
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Embolism


Foreign matter that enters and circulates
in the bloodstream
This matter can be made up of blood,
exudate, fat, or air.
11 - 54
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Heart Failure



A condition, particularly with the aged, in
which the heart pumps too weakly to
supply the body with blood.
Severe failure shortens life expectancy.
Heart transplant may be one treatment
option.
11 - 55
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Heart Replacement

The diseased heart is removed and
replaced with a healthy donor heart after
much physical, financial, legal,
emotional, and ethical preparation.
11 - 56
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Hypertension


Blood pressure readings consistently above
140/90
Essential


Secondary


The increase occurs over a long time period.
Malignant

11 - 57
Elevation is the result of disease.
Benign


No known cause for the elevation
Rapid, severe increase
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy


Results in thickening of the walls of the
ventricles in the heart
The heart becomes stiff and cannot fill
with blood or pump efficiently.
11 - 58
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Hypotension


Blood pressure that results in readings
below the normal range
Hypotension may become life
threatening when blood circulation
becomes impaired and gas exchange is
inadequate.
11 - 59
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Leukemia


Malignant disease of the bone marrow or
lymph tissue
Leukemia can be present in an acute or
chronic form.
11 - 60
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Murmur


Abnormal sounds made by blood leaking
through a heart valve; can be heard with
a stethoscope
The murmur is named for the valve that
is leaking.
11 - 61
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Myocardial Infarction


Also called a “heart attack”
A complication of coronary artery disease
that results from partial or complete
blockage of the artery and causes
destruction of myocardial tissue.
11 - 62
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How to Recognize a Heart Attack



A sensation of uncomfortable pressure,
fullness, squeezing, aching, or pain,
usually in the center of the chest
Pain, aching, or heaviness in the
shoulders, neck, jaw, arms, or upper
back, or spreading to the chest
Pain accompanied by lightheadedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea, vomiting, or
shortness of breath
11 - 63
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Phlebitis

Localized inflammation of a vein that
causes an alteration of the epithelial
lining; is likely to form a blood clot
11 - 64
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Sickle Cell Anemia



Congenital form of anemia that occurs
primarily among African Americans
Red blood cells have a hemoglobin
defect in their molecular structure that
causes the cell to become sickle shaped.
These cells, which carry oxygen, cannot
easily pass through blood vessels.
11 - 65
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Stasis Ulcer



A secondary condition resulting from
chronic venous insufficiency
Causes redness, swelling, scaling,
cracks in the skin, and ulcers
The most common site for stasis ulcers
is the ankles.
11 - 66
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Thrombophlebitis


An acute condition that results from
inflammation of the vein walls and the
formation of a blood clot (thrombus)
Usually develops in superficial veins, but
deep vein thrombosis can affect small or
large veins; the clot interrupts blood flow
and can break off and become an
embolus
11 - 67
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Varicosities



The result of veins that have become
dilated or twisted, and are inefficient
Usually results from weakness of the
valves
This weakness permits blood to leak
backward and causes dilation of the
vessel.
11 - 68
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Unit Summary


What are the four major parts of the
circulatory system?
What are the three types of blood cells,
and what are their functions?
11 - 69
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