ACADEMIC ENGLISH III
October 17th 2012
Today
• Quotation and paraphrasing practice.
Direct quotations
• Usually need reporting verbs or phrases:
•
•
•
•
•
•
- assert
- insist
- claim
- say
- state
- suggest
- according to
- As XYZ says
Direct quotations
• It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must
consider using drugs. Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch
physician who said he has prescribed steroids to
hundreds of athletes, states, “If you are especially
gifted, you may win once, but from my experience you
can’t continue to win without drugs. The field is just
too filled with drug users” (Bamberger and Yaeger,
1997: 62).
Indirect quotations
• It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must
consider using drugs. Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch
physician who said he had prescribed steroids to
hundreds of athletes, stated that if [athletes] were
especially gifted, [they] might win once, but from his
experience [they] couldn’t continue to win without drugs.
He asserted that the field was just too filled with drug
users (Bamberger and Yaeger, 2010, p. 62).
Changing Direct Quotations to Indirect
1. Remove the quotation marks (“ “)
2. Add the subordinator that.
3. Change verb tense if necessary.
- Remember tense rules.
4. Change pronouns (and time expressions if necessary) to
maintain the sense of the original.
Practice sample
The increased use of computers in business has
been accompanied by a costly increase in computer crime.
The losses to victims of computer crimes are very high.
Cybercrime author, Meredith Bruce claimed that the
financial losses to business from computer thefts would
exceed $85 billion in 2015 (Bruce, 2008: 185). Computer
criminals steal not only money but also information. For
example, they steal confidential business records,
customer lists, and corporate plans. As Bruce stated, It is
not just the money they steal; they steal data, and data is
power.” (Bruce, 2008: 190).
Practice sample
The increased use of computers in business has
been accompanied by a costly increase in computer crime.
The losses to victims of computer crimes are very high.
Cybercrime author, Meredith Bruce claimed that the
financial losses to business from computer thefts would
exceed $85 billion in 2015 (Bruce, 2008: 185). Computer
criminals steal not only money but also information. For
example, they steal confidential business records,
customer lists, and corporate plans. As Bruce stated, “It is
not just the money they steal; they steal data, and data is
power.” (Bruce, 2008: 190).
Bruce, M. (2008). Cybercrime. New York: Wexler.
Paraphrasing
Putting a passage into your own words without changing
the meaning.
- Used to clarify meaning.
- Used to (slightly) shorten a longer statement, maintaining
the main ideas.
How to paraphrase
o Read the passage carefully.
o
o Decide the main ideas of the passage.
o Highlight important words or phrases.
o Put the main points in your own words.
Paraphrase Example 1
Passage from a Book:
Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris, a good and wise
king, was the first pharaoh. He spread knowledge to other
parts of the world, while his wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his
place.
Good Paraphrase Example
ORIGINAL PASSAGE
HIGHLIGHTED PASSAGE
• Ancient
Ancient
Egyptians
Egyptians
believed
that
Osiris, athat
goodOsiris,
and wisea
believed
king, was the first pharaoh.
good and wise king,
He spread knowledge to
was parts
the of
first
other
the pharaoh.
world,
while
his wife, Isis,
ruled
He spread
knowledge
Egypt in his place
to other parts of the
world, while his wife,
Isis, ruled Egypt in his
place.
PARAPHRASED
PASSAGE
• King Osiris was the first
pharaoh and spread
knowledge. Queen Isis
ruled Egypt when he
was gone.
Bad Example
Highlighted
Original
Passage
• AncientPassage
Egyptians
Ancient Egyptians
believed
believed
that Osiris,
a
that Osiris, a good and wise
good
andthe
wise
king, He
king, was
first pharaoh.
spread
to other
was
theknowledge
first pharaoh.
parts
of the world,
while his
He
spread
knowledge
wife, Isis, ruled Egypt in his
toplace.
other parts of the
world, while his wife,
Isis, ruled Egypt in his
place.
Poor Paraphrasing
• King Osiris was an
ancient Egyptian King
and the first pharaoh.
He was good and wise
because he spread
knowledge to other
parts of the world. His
wife Isis ruled Egypt in
his place.
Paraphrase Example 2
Passage from a Book:
Upon returning home, Osiris was murdered by his evil
brother Set, who cut Osiris’s body into pieces and dumped
it in the Nile River. Isis found the body and put it back
together by winding linen bandages around it.
Good Example
Original Passage
Highlighted
• Upon returning home,
Passage
Osiris was
murdered by
Upon returning home, Osiris
his
brother,
wasevil
murdered
by hisSet
evil
who
cutSet
his
body
into
brother,
who
cut his
body
into pieces
anddumped
dumped it itin
pieces
and
NileNile
River.River.
Isis found
inthethe
Isisthe
body and
it backand
together
found
theputbody
put
by winding linen bandages
itaround
back it.together by
winding linen bandages
around it.
Paraphrased Passage
• Osiris’s brother Set
killed Osiris by cutting
his body into pieces,
and Isis put the body
back together.
Bad Example
Original
Passage
Highlighted
• Upon returning
home,
Passage
Osiris
was murdered
Upon returning
home, Osirisby
his
brother,
was evil
murdered
by hisSet
evil
brother,
Sethis
whobody
cut hisinto
body
who
cut
into pieces
anddumped
dumped it in
pieces
and
it
the Nile River. Isis found the
in
the Nile River. Isis
body and put it back together
found
thelinen
body
and put
by winding
bandages
itaround
backit.together by
winding linen bandages
around it.
Poor Paraphrasing
• Osiris was murdered
and Isis found the body
Practice
Remember:
o Read the passage carefully
o Find the main ideas
o Highlight important words or phrases
o Put the main points in your own words
Practice
Passage:
In 1857, a British expedition led by Richard Burton and
John Speke set out to find the great lakes shown on
Ptolemy’s map. After reaching Lake Tanganyika, the two
men split up because Burton was ill.
Example
Which one is the best?
Which one is the best?
o Richard Burton and his
friend looked for the great
lakes shown on Ptolemy’s
map. The men split up.
o In 1857, Richard Burton and
John Speke searched for
the great lakes on Ptolemy’s
map, but they had to split up
when Burton was ill.
o Two men from Britain
looked for the great lakes
but had to split up because
one was ill.
-the highlighted one is
correct
o Richard Burton and his
friend looked for the great
lakes shown on Ptolemy’s
map. The men split up.
o In 1857, Richard Burton
and John Speke searched for
the great lakes on Ptolemy’s
map, but they had to split up
when Burton was ill.
o Two men from Britain
looked for the great lakes but
had to split up because one
was ill
Practice
Passage:
Speke discovered Victoria Nyanza and was convinced that
the White Nile Flowed from it. A second expedition proved
him right when he found the outlet of the Nile at a waterfall
which he named Ripon Falls.
Example
Original
Passage
Highlighted
• Speke discovered
Passage
Victoria
NyanzaVictoria
and
Speke discovered
was
convinced
that thethat
Nyanza
and was convinced
the White
Nileflowed
flowed from
it. A
White
Nile
from
expedition
proved him
it.second
A second
expedition
right when he found the outlet
proved
him right when
of the Nile at a waterfall which
he
the outlet
he found
named Ripon
Falls. of
the Nile at a waterfall
which he named Ripon
Falls.
Paraphrased
Passage
Speke discovered
Victoria Nyanza
and found the
outlet of the Nile
which he called the
Ripon Falls.