Snap Your Fingers and observe
what is happening.
When you snap your fingers, imagine that each
finger is a big chunk of rock deep inside the earth's
surface. Like your fingers, one rock mass is forced
against another.
Seismic Waves
Blue primary waves followed by
red secondary waves move outward
in concentric circles from the epicenter
of an earthquake off British Columbia
and Washington State.
Deep inside the earth,
rocks are constantly being
pressured to move until the
strain is so great the rocks can
no longer bear the tension.
Suddenly, there is a
movement that releases
all the energy called an
earthquake--some of
which has been building
up for years. This
released energy travels
through rocks in the form
of vibrations called
seismic waves.
Hypocenter/Epicenter
The waves travel outward
from the spot where
rocks of the earth's crust
snapped under the strain.
This spot is called the
Hypocenter (or FOCUS).
The spot on the earth's
surface right above the
hypocenter is called the
epicenter. Earthquakes
are felt the strongest at
the epicenter.
Three Seismic Waves
Energy released at the
hypocenters of earthquakes
travel as three different types
of waves. You can think of these
waves by picturing the ripples
created when a stone is thrown
into a puddle or lake. The first
set of waves are called P-waves
or primary waves. The second
ones are called S-waves or
secondary waves. The third
waves are called L-waves or
Love waves, named after the
scientist who first discovered it.
Three Seismic Waves
The energy of all three types of waves is passed from one rock
particle to another in the same way one domino hits another and
then another in a line of falling dominoes. These seismic waves
cause back-and-forth, side-to-side, and up-and-down motions
in the earth. These motions are what people sense during a
earthquake. These motions also cause the movement of objects
we often see in video images of areas hit by an quake.
Primary Waves (P-waves)
Primary waves are compression waves.
They push and pull the rocks of the earth's surface
in a forward-backward motion.
Primary Waves (P-waves)
Primary waves travel the fastest. They can move through solids
(like the rocks of the crust) and liquids (like water on the surface or in
cracks in the crust or the liquid outer core of the earth) and gases
(like the atmosphere or like air in the cracks of the crust). P-waves
are the first waves to reach the Earth's surface after an earthquake.
Primary Waves (P-waves)
Primary waves push and pull on the rocks through which
they are traveling. This creates a back and forth movement
on the Earth's surface. This is just like sound waves pushing
and pulling the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder
and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows
rattle because the sound waves were pushing and pulling on
the window glass much like P-waves push and pull on rock.
Secondary Waves (S-Waves)
Secondary waves move through solid rock only.
These shear waves move the earth's surface
side to side.
Secondary Waves (S-Waves)
Secondary waves travel slower than primary waves.
shear waves, S-waves create a
side to side motion in the rocks through which
Also called
they are traveling.
Secondary Waves (S-Waves)
Unlike the other earthquake waves, S-waves cannot
travel through liquids or gases, ONLY SOLIDS.
S-waves will rock buildings side-to-side.
Surface Waves
(L-waves also called Land waves)
Land waves move along the surface of the earth
and cause it to move up and down like something
bobbing on the surface of the ocean.
L-Waves - Surface Waves
Land waves only move along the surface of the earth,
close to the epicenter. Their speeds vary depending on the material,
rock or soil, forming the surface. These waves cause the surface to
move up and down. These are the waves that cause
the
to buildings and other structures
during an earthquake.
Seismograph
This is an image of a seismograph, an instrument
used to record the energy released by an earthquake.
When the needle is moved by the motion of the earth,
it leaves a wavy line.
Seismogram
When you look at a seismogram, there will be
wiggly lines all across it. These are all the seismic
waves that the seismograph has recorded.
So which wiggles are the earthquake?
The P wave will be the first wiggle that is bigger than the
rest of the little ones (the microseisms). Because P waves
are the fastest seismic waves, they will be the first ones
that are recorded. The next set of seismic waves will be the
S waves. These are usually bigger than the P waves.
Surface Waves Arrive Last
The Surface waves are the other, larger waves marked
on this seismogram. Surface waves travel slower than
S waves (which are slower than P waves) so they arrive
last at the seismograph after the S waves.
The End
Bonus: Where do earthquakes happen?