WINDSOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
MD 1
dr kola
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Also called Collar bone
Elongated S-shaped
bone
Has no medullary cavity
First long bone to ossify
via intramembranous
ossification beginning
during the 5th and 6th
embryonic weeks at the
shaft
2nd Ossification ends
between 25 and 31 years
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Has two ends and a shaft
Sternal end also called the medial
end is wedge shaped or triangular,
articulates with the manubrium of
sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
Acromial end is flat and articulates
with the acromium of the scapula at
the acromioclaviular joint
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Shaft
Medial two thirds of the shaft is convex
anteriorly
The lateral one third is flat and concave
anteriorly
Surfaces
Superior surface is smooth and lies just deep
to platysma muscle and skin.
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The inferior surface is rough due to
attachment of ligaments.
Towards the acromial end, the conoid
tubercle gives attachment to the conoid
ligament which is a part of the medial side of
coracoclavicalucular ligament.
The trapezoid line also at the acromial end
gives attachment to the trapezoid ligament
from the lateral side of the
coracoclavicalucular.
The subclavian grooveGroove for the subclavius muscle in the
medial two thirds
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Impression for the costoclavicular
ligamentRough depressed oval area that
attaches to the 1st rib and the clavicle
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Fracture
One of the most fractured bones
An indirect blow transmitted from an
outstretched hand or a fall directly on the
shoulder
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Weakest part of the clavicle is the junction
of the medial two thirds and the lateral
one third.
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The medial
fragment is
elevated by the
sternocleiodomas
-toid muscle
The lateral
fragment drops
 Greenstick
fracture in
children
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Also called shoulder blade
On the posteriolateral aspect of the thorax
Overlies 2nd to 7th ribs
2 surfaces
3 angles
3 borders
 Surfaces
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Posterior surface
Spine:divides it into supraspinous fossa and
infraspionous
Spine has a deltoild tuberoisty
Ends distally in a flat acromion
Costal surface
attachment for the subscapularis muscle
 Borders
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Medial border also called vertebral border
Lateral or axillary border: runs
superiolaterally towards the apex of the axilla
(thickest) and ends superiorly in the lateral
angle
Superior borders: thinnest and marked with a
suprascapular notch near the junction of the
medial two thirds and lateral one third
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Arm bone
Largest bone in the upper limb
Articulates with the scapula and ulna
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Long bones with two ends and a shaft
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Proximal end
Head, neck and tubercles
Head is rounded for articulataion with the
glenoid cavity of the scapula at the
glenohumeral joint
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Neck
Anatomical neck and surgical neck
Anatomical neck is the neck that
circumscribes the head separating it from the
tubercles
Line of attachment of the glenohumeral
capsule
Surgical neck: distal to the head and
tubercles. Easily fractured
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Tubercles
Greater tubercle
which is lateral
Lesser tubercle
which is anterior
Intertubercular
sulcus or bicipital
groove which
separates the two,
allowing for the
passage of long head
of biceps brachii
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Shaft has two prominent features
Deltoild tuberousity
Lies laterally for attachment of deltoid
muscle
Radial groove: radial nerve and the deep
artery of the arm
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Inferior end of the shaft widens as the sharp
medial and lateral supracondylar ridges amd
med distally in the medial and altera;
epicondles
Distal ends
Condyle: trochlea, capitulum,
olecranon,coronoid and radial fossae
together with the distal end of the humerus
make up the condyle
Condyle as two articular
surfaces
 Radial head and capitulum
 Proximal end of ulna and
trochlea
Fossae
 Anteriorly coronoid fossa
recieves the coronoid
process of the ulna on
flexion full and radial fossa
recieves the head of the
radius
 Posteriolry the olecranon
fossa accomadates olecraon
process on full extension
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Surgical neck: Axillary nerve and posterior
circumflex humeral artery
Midshaft: radial nerve and deep artery of the
arm
Supracondylar: Median nerve and brachial
artery
Avulsion of medial epicondyle: Ulnar nerve
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Stabilizing bone of the forearm
Medial and longer
Proximal end for articulation
Olecranon and coronoid process
Inferior to the coronoid process is the ulnar
tuberosity
Lateral side is the radial notch
Inferior to the radial notch on the shaft is the
supinator crest and closer to it is the
supinator fossa.
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Shaft is thick and
cylindrical
proximally but it
tapers distally and
ends in the ulnar
styloid process
The ulna does not
participate in the
wrist joint
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Lateral and shorter bone of forearm
Proximally head of radius articulates with
capitulum of the humerus
Head also articulates with radial notch of
ulnar head is covered with articular catilage
The neck of the radius is a constriction distal
to the head
Radial tuberosity: demarcates the head from
shaft
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Shaft of radius enlarges distally
Distal end on the medial side has an ulnar
notch
Lateral side terminates in a radial styloid
process larger then ulnar styloid process and
extends farther distally
Dorsal tubercle which allows for passage of
tendons
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The two bones on
the internal aspect
have an
interroseous
border for
attachment of the
interrouseous
membrane of the
foream
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Usually a transverse
fracture at the same
level:
Colle’s fracture: most
common fracture.
The distal fragment
is displaced dorsally
Mechanism: forced
dorsiflexion of the
outstrecthed hand
trying to ease a fall
These small bones give flexibility to the wrist.
‘ SHE LOOKS TOO PRETTY TRY TO CHASE HER’
From lateral to medial, the four carpal bones in the
proximal row are the:
• Scaphoid (G. skaphé, skiff, boat): a boat-shaped
bone
that articulates proximally with the radius, and has
a prominent scaphoid tubercle;
it is the largest bone in the proximal row of
carpals.
• Lunate (L. luna, moon): a moon-shaped bone
between the scaphoid and the triquetral
bones; it articulates proximally with the
radius and is broader anteriorly than
posteriorly.
• Triquetrum (L. triquetrus, three-cornered): a
pyramidal bone on the medial side of the
carpus; it articulates proximally with the
articular disc of the distal radio-ulnar joint.
• Pisiform (L. pisum, pea), a small, pea-shaped
bone that lies on the palmar surface of the
triquetrum.
From lateral to medial, the four carpal bones in
the distal row
• Trapezium (G. trapeze, table): a four-sided
bone on the lateral side of the carpus; it
articulates with the 1st and 2nd metacarpals,
scaphoid, and trapezoid bones.
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Trapezoid: a wedge-shaped bone that resembles the
trapezium; it articulates with the 2nd metacarpal,
trapezium, capitate, and scaphoid bones.
• Capitate (L. caput, head): a head-shaped bone with a
rounded extremity is the largest bone in the carpus; it
articulates primarily with the 3rd metacarpal distally,
and with the trapezoid, scaphoid, lunate, and hamate.
• Hamate (L. hamulus, a little hook): a wedge-shaped
bone on the medial side of the hand; it articulates
with the 4th and 5th metacarpal, capitate, and
triquetral bones; it has a distinctive hooked process,
the hook of the hamate, that extends anteriorly.
Fracture of
Scaphoid
Most frequently
fractured carpal
bone
Pain experienced on
the lateral side of
the wrist mostly
during dorsiflexion
and abduction
Avascular necrosis
can occur due to
loss of blood supply
to the proximal part
of the scaphoid
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Fracture of Hamate
This may cause
injury to the ulnar
nerve sometimes
the ulnar artery
also
It is composed of five metacarpal
bones (metacarpals).
Each metacarpal consists of a base,
shaft, and head.
The proximal bases of the meta
carpals articulate with the carpal
bones, and the distal heads of the
metacarpals articulate with the
proximal phalanges,
and form the knuckles of the hand.
The 1st metacarpal (of the thumb)
is the thickest and shortest of
these bones.
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Fracture of fifth
metarcarpal
Common with
unskilled boxers
who punch with a
closed fist
Each digit (finger) has three phalanges
except for the first (the thumb), which has
only two.
Each phalanx has a base proximally, a shaft
(body), and a head distally.
The proximal phalanges are the largest, the
middle ones are intermediate in size, and
then distal ones are the smallest. The
shafts of the phalanges taper distally.
The terminal phalanges are flattened and
expanded at their distal ends, which
underlie the nail beds.