Impact of Zebra Mussels as an Invasive Species By: Melissa Malmstedt Background on Zebra Mussels • Dreissena polymorpha • Common name: Zebra Mussel • Originally from Caspian Sea and Ural River • Also native to the Balkans, Poland, and the former Soviet Union Occurrences of Zebra mussels in non native areas • Late 18th century – early 19th century spread throughout most of Europe • May have arrived in North America via a European ship's ballast water. • 1988 came from Canada’s Lake St. Clair into lake Huron and Lake Erie. • 1990 populations in all of the Great Lakes. • 1991 found in Hudson and Illinois rivers. • 1992 found in Mississippi, Arkansas, Ohio, and Tennessee rivers. Biology of Zebra Mussels • • • • Fresh water mollusks Bivalve Colonial Filter feeders – Inhalant and exhalant siphons – Feed on algae Ecology of Zebra Mussels • Optimal pH is between 7.4 and 8.5 • High oxygen between 8-10 parts per thousand • Temperatures between 17 and 25 degrees C. • Impact many species. – Unionids – Decreased zooplankton Ecology cont. • Increase water clarity – Increase in light – Increase of macrophytes and macrophyte beds that serve nurseries for fish • Prefer to attach to live unionids Reproduction • Females begin to reproduce around 2 years of age • Broadcast spawning triggered by: – Chemicals produced by algae – Temperature around 14-16 degrees C • Can produce 40,000 eggs in a single reproductive cycle Reproduction cont. • 3 periods of life – Larval – Juvenile – Adult • Larvae; planktonic during trochophore, straight hinged veliger, and umbonal veliger stages. Pediveliger stage (settlement takes place) is the final larval form. Reproduction cont. • Planligrade; stage between larval and juvenile periods. • Juvenile – Development of fertilized egg to juvenile can take anywhere from 8-240 days. – Change in morphology • Adult – Considered an adult when sexual maturity is reached. Settlement on Zebra mussel (Pediveliger stage) Impact of Colonizing Zebra Mussels on Humans • Clog pipes • Hydroelectric and nuclear power plants • Public water supply • Other industrial facilities Clogged pipe Control of Zebra Mussels • Chemical – Oxidizing • Chlorination – Toxic pipes • Copper, brass, and galvanized metals are toxic to zebra mussels. • Biological – Bacteria – Predation • Ducks • Fish Refrences Ackerman, J.D., Sim, B., Nichols, S.J., and Claudi, R. (1994). “A review of the early life history of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): Comparisons with marine bivalves.” Can. J. Zool. 72:11691179. Genthnera, F., Winsteada, J., Gilleta, J., Van, A. Vielb, J., Genoveseb, E., Singerb, S. (1997) “Effects of a molluscicidal Strain of bacillus alveion on digestive tubules of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha” Journal of Invertabrate Pathology. 69: 289-291. Jack, J.D., Thorp, J.H. (2000). “ Effects of benthic suspension feeder Dreissena polymorpha on zooplankton in a large river.” Freshwater Biology. 44:569-579. MacIsaac, H.J. (1996). “Potential abiotic and biotic impacts of zebra mussels on the inland waters of North America,” Am. Zool. 36: 87-299 Rajagopal, S., Velde, G., Jenner, H. (2002) “Effects of low-level chlorination on zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha” Water Research. 36: 3029-3034. Schloesser, D.W., Nakepa, T.F., Mackie, G.L.(1996) “Zebra mussel infestation of unionid bivalves (Unionidae) in North America.” Amer. Zool. 36:300-310. Tucker, J.K. (1994)”Colonization of unionid bivalves by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha,in pool 26 of the Mississippi River.” J. Freshwater Ecol. 9:129-134. ----,Zebra Mussel Information System, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers