Skeletal System
Study Guide
Functions of the Skeleton
Support
_____________________
Blood cell ________________
Storage
___________________
Classification
Long –_______________than they are __________________
Short –______________shaped
Flat –______________, with broad surfaces
Irregular –______________shapes
Round –________________in shape
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Periosteum – tough, ______________________________covering
Epiphysis – expanded portion at the _____________of bones
Diaphysis – portion ___________________________________
Medullary cavity – hollow portion of diaphysis containing ___________________ _________________
Articular cartilage – layer of hyaline cartilage where bones ____________________ ___________________
Endosteum – lines the medullary cavity and the spaces of _____________________ ___________________
Compact Bone
Lacunae – contain ___________ ____________(osteocytes)
Lamellae – concentric layers of matrix containing _________________ ____________and _____________
______________________
Blood vessels and nerves enter the central canal
Spongy Bone
Contains __________________and ____________________called trabeculae
Trabeculae follow lines of stress, giving bones strength
Bone Growth and Repair
Osteoprogenitor cells –__________________________________cells
Osteoblasts –_____________forming cells
Osteocytes –________________bone cells
Osteoclasts – break down bone
Bone Development and Growth
Ossification –_________________of bone
Intramembranous ossification
Bone forms between two __________________of fibrous connective tissue
Form bones of the skull
Endochondral ossification
Form most bones of the ______________________body
Hyaline cartilage models are replaced by bone
Epiphyseal plate
____________________of cartilage in the _______________________of long bones
Long bone growth continues until plate is ossified
Appositional growth –____________________in bone diameter
Remodeling of Bones
Bone is continually being _________________________and built up again
Osteoclasts remove ____________cells and deposit _________________in the blood
Osteoblasts remove calcium from the blood and form new bone
Three important ____________________regulating bone growth
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

Growth hormone
Bone Repair
Required after it __________________(breaks)
Steps involved in bone repair
Hematoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus
________________callus
Remodelling
Naming of fractures
Complete – bone is broken _____________
Incomplete – bone is not _______________into two parts
Simple – does not ______________the skin
Compound –__________________the skin
Impacted – broken ends are wedged into each other
Spiral – ragged break due to twisting of bone
Reduction – repair of a fracture
Closed reduction – re-aligning bone fragments ______________________________surgery
Open reduction –______________________of the bone using plates, screws, or pins
Axial Skeleton
Lies in the ____________________of the body
Bones of the axial skeleton
Middle ear bones
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Formed by the ________________________and the _________________________bones
Sinuses
Skull
Hyoid bone
The ____________________column
The thoracic ________________
Air ___________________________within the bones
Lined by _____________________ membranes
Reduce the ____________________of the skull
Give the voice a ____________________ sound
________________sinuses
Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
_______________sinuses
Bones of the Cranium
________________the brain
Sutures –__________________joints
Composed of _______________bones
___________bone
____________ bones
_____________bone
______________ bones
External auditory meatus
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Zygomatic process
______________bone
_______________bone
Crista galli

Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
Superior and middle nasal conchae
Bones of the Face
Maxillae
Alveolar process
Palatine process
____________________bones
____________________bones
Lacrimal bones
Nasal bones
____________________bone
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
Mandibular ____________
Coronoid process
Hyoid bone
Superior to larynx
Only bone in the body that does not _____________________________ with another bone
Anchors the _____________________________
Site of attachment for muscles associated with _____________________________
Axial Skeleton
Vertebral Column (Spine)
Supports _____________________
Serves as a point of ________________________ for the pelvic girdle
Protects the _______________________
Consists of a series of separate bones named for their location
Seven _________________(neck)
Twelve ________________(chest)
Five ____________________ (lower back)
Five _______________________
Three to five _______________
Normal curvatures
Cervical and lumbar –_________________anteriorly
Thoracic and sacral –__________________anteriorly
Provide support and balance
Abnormalities
__________________– exaggerated lumbar curvature
__________________– increased roundness of the thoracic curvature
__________________– abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region
Intervertebral Disks
Prevent vertebrae from ___________________against one another
Absorb ____________________
Allow __________________between vertebrae
Vertebrae
Body –__________________portion
Vertebral foramin –_____________for spinal cord
Bony projections serve as sites for _____________________________
Atlas (C
1
) – supports the______________________; allows head movement _______________________
Axis (C
2
) - serves as a ________________for the atlas; allows head movement from _________________
Sacrum – fused sacral vertebrae; forms posterior wall of the pelvic cavity
Coccyx – formed from a ___________________of three to five vertebrae
The Rib Cage
Protects the __________________________________

Provides support for the bones of the pectoral girdle
The ribs
__________________that connect to the thoracic vertebrae
True ribs – upper seven pairs connect directly to the _________________by costal cartilages
False ribs – next five pair that attach _____________________ to the sternum or not at all (“floating” ribs)
The sternum
Flat, _________________bone
Composed of three bones that fuse
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Clavicles
Articulate medially with the manubrium
Only attachment to the axial skeleton
Serves as a brace for the _____________________ and stabilizes the __________________
Scapulae
Spine
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
Upper Limb
Humerus long bone of the ______________
Head ___________________with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Greater and lesser tubercles serve as attachments for muscles
Intertubercular groove holds a tendon from the biceps brachii
Deltoid tuberosity attaches the deltoid
Capitulum articulates with the head of the radius
Trochlea articulates with the ulna
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Radius
__________________ side of the forearm
Head ____________________with the capitulum of the ___________________and fits into the radial notch of the ulna
Radial tuberosity attaches a tendon from the biceps brachii
Ulnar notch articulates with the head of the ulna
Styloid process attaches _____________________that run to the ________________
Ulna
________________bone of the forearm
Coronoid process ____________________with the coronoid fossa when elbow is flexed
Olecranon process articulates with the olecranon fossa when the elbow is extended
Trochlear notch articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
Head articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius
Styloid process attaches ligaments that run to the wrist
Hand
Wrist (carpus) contains _____________small bones
Metacarpal bones form the ________________
Phalanges
_______________of the fingers
The thumb has only ___________phalanges (proximal and distal)
The other fingers have ____________phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal bones

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Obturator foramen
Gender differences
Female has _____________hips
Female ___________is wider
Female inlet and outlet of the true pelvis are _____________
Female pelvic cavity is more _________________
Female bones are _____________and thinner
Female pubic arch is wider
Lower Limb
Femur
________________and _________________bone in the body
Head fits into acetabulum of _______________bone
Greater and lesser trochanters attach muscles of the thigh and buttocks
Linea aspera attaches several muscles
Medial and lateral epicondyles attach muscles and ligaments
Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia
Patellar surface articulates with the patella
Tibia
________________bone of the _____________leg
Bears the weight from the _______________
Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the femur
Tibial tuberosity attach patellar ligaments
Anterior crest
Medial malleolus articulates with the talus in the foot
Fibula
_______________to the tibia
Stabilizes _____________
Foot
______________tarsal bones
Only the talus can move freely
The calcaneus and the talus support the weight of the body
_____________metatarsal bones form the ______________
The phalanges form the toes
Big toe has only _________
___________ each in other toes
Joints (Articulations)
Classification according to the amount of movement
Synarthrosis – immovable
Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable
Diarthrosis – freely moveable
Classification according to structure
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous
– fibrous connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue joins _______________________
Typically ____________________
Sutures of the _____________________
Coronal – between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
Lambdoidal – between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
Squamosal – between each parietal bone and each temporal bone

Sagittal – between the parietal bones
Joints formed by each tooth in its socket
Cartilaginous
Bones are joined by _________________________or __________________cartilage
Usually slightly _____________________
Synovial
Bones do not __________________ each other
Bones are separatedby a joint __________________
Usually freely _______________________
Types of synovial joints
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
Condyloid joint
Movements permitted by synovial joints
Angular movements
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circular movements
Circumduction
Rotation
Supination
Pronation
Special movements
Inversion and eversion
Elevation and depression
Effects of Aging
__________________and ________________tend to deteriorate
Articular cartilage may not function properly, resulting in _____________________
Osteoarthritis – deterioration of the ________________________
Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane becomes _____________________
Gout – excessive buildup of _______________________
Osteoporosis is common
Homeostasis
Functions of the Skeletal System
_______________of internal organs
Bones assist in all phases of _____________________
Bones store and release _____________________
Bones assist the lymphatic system and ________________________
Bones assist ______________________
The skeleton is necessary to ________________________
Functions of Other Systems
The integumentary and the muscles assist in protecting internal organs
The digestive system absorbs calcium from food and the endocrine system regulates the storage of calcium in the bones
Movement of the bones is only possible because of the ______________________of skeletal muscle