Infinitives
They’re not just used as bases
anymore!
Objectives
• I can:
– Form and translate the five infinitives
– Recognize and translate the uses of the infinitive:
subjective, historical, objective, complementary, and
indirect statement
– Determine which types of verbs require infinitive
structures
– Use the correct tense of infinitive to show relationship in
time to main verb of indirect statement
Objectives
• I can:
– Translate a present infinitive to show concurrent
action with the main verb
– Translate a perfect infinitive to show action
occurring before the main verb
– Translate a future infinitive to show occurring
after the main verb
Cultural Objectives
• I can:
– Describe the effect of the Punic Wars on the development
of Rome
– Identify the major personalities of the late Republic and
describe their contributions to the end of the Republic
– Explain the reasons behind the assassination of Julius
Caesar and the consequences of the action
– Describe the civil war between Octavian and Antony and
how Octavian rose to power
• I can:
– Describe the principate of Augustus and his
political propaganda
– Explain the fatal flaw set by Augustus not having
an heir and the effect this had on the rest of
Roman history
Present active, present passive, perfect passive, perfect actice, future
active
FORMING INFINITIVES
Present Active Infinitives
• Second principal part of the verb
– Amo, amare, amavi, amatus
• Usually ends with re
• Translation
– To verb
• i.e. amare = to love
• Most commonly used as a complementary infinitive
which completes an incomplete verb like possum,
debeo, or volo
– Debemus amare nostras vicinas. We ought to love our
neighbors.
Possible confusion with “re”
• “ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect
active tense
– amaverunt = amavere
– If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb,
it is not an infinitive.
• Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or
“s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.
Present Passive Infinitives
• Present passive infinitives are made from the
present active infinitive (2nd principal part)
– For most verbs, remove the final e and replace it
with an i
• Amare becomes amari
• Videre becomes videri
• Scire becomes sciri
3rd conjugation present passive
infinitives
• For third conjugation (ere) and 3rd IO, (io,ere)
remove the ere and add i
• Emere becomes emi
• Accipere becomes accipi
Perfect active Infinitives
• Start with the third principal part
• Remove the “i”
• Add “isse”
– amavisse
• Translation : to have ________
• most commonly used in indirect statements
– Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum
– He knew that he had killed his friend
Perfect Passive Infinitives
• Begin with the 4th principal part
• Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there.
– You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is
receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative
because of the indirect statement
– UM/OS MASCULINE
– AM/AS FEMININIE
– UM/A NEUTER
• Add “esse” as a separate part
– amatam esse to have been loved
• Most commonly used in indirect statement
– Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se.
– He knew that his friend had been killed by him.
Future Active Infinitive
• Begin with the fourth principal part.
• Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to
adjust this part to agree with whoever is doing the
action. It will usually be accusative because of the
indirect statement.
– UM/OS MASCULINE
– AM/AS FEMININE
– UM/A NEUTER
• Add “esse” as a separate part.
– amaturam esse to be about to love
• Translation “to be about to_________”
Formation Practice
• Choose five infinitives from your vocabulary
list and form the five infinitives with
translation. You must choose at least one 2nd
conjugation (ēre) and at least one 3rd
conjugation (ere) verb.
Uses of the Infinitive
Historical, subjective, objective,
complementary, and the indirect
statement
Historical infinitives
• usually used for a series of actions
• translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a
continuous series
• Example
– Caesar circumvenire Gallos, obstare copias, et non sinere
ullum exitus e castris.
– Caesar was encircling the Gauls, blocking supplies, and not
allowing any exit from the camp.
Subjective Infinitives
• functions as the subject of the sentence
• grammatically treated as a neuter singular
noun
• in English can be translated as a gerund or an
infinitive
• Example
– Regere aeque est difficillima res.
– To rule fairly is a most difficult thing.
Objective Infinitives
• functions like a direct object
• most commonly used with iubeo, iubēre, iussi,
iussus (to order)
• treated like a neuter noun
• example
– Marius iubet milites oppugnare Sullam
– Marius orders the soldiers to attack Sulla.
Complementary Infinitives
• complete the meaning of an incomplete verb
• most commonly used with a form of possum,
debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio,
necesse est, prohibeo and many other verbs that
leave the reader hanging as to what is happening
• Example
– Caesar poterat vincire Galliam.
– Caesar was able to conquer Gaul.
The Indirect Statement
• used to report a statement
• follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking,
understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al.
• subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative
• verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive
• example
– Scio Caesarem mortuus esse.
– I know that Caesar is dead.
The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement
• The choice of the tense of the infinitive is
relative to the main verb
– same time = present
– before = perfect
– after = future
– The first part of the perfect passive and future
active infinitive will be in the accusative and will
agree with the accusative subject.
Examples
• scio Caesarem pugnare in Galliā.
– I know that Caesar is fighting in Gaul.
• same time
• Scio Caesarem pugnavisse in Galliā.
• .I know that Caesar was fighting in Gaul.
• before
• Scio Caesarem pungaturum esse in Galliā
– I know that Caesar will fight in Gaul.
• after
Indirect Statement issues
• The subject cannot be left understood; the
accusative noun must be there.
• If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as
the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun.
– example
• Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram Romam.
• Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome
– debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the
subject accusative reflexive.
Infinitives Issue #2
• A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show
purpose. To show purpose, you must use a
subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive.
– Example
• Caesar went to Gaul to make his reputation
• Caesar ivit ad Galliam facere famam. WRONG
• Caesar ivit ad Galliam ut faceret famam. right
Activity
• Based on your notes about the Late Republic
and your vocabulary list, write ten English
sentences that would be translated using
infinitives. You must have at least one
example of each type.
Make the infinitive chart for regno, regnare,
regnavi, regnatum rule
Make the infinitive chart for duco,
ducere, duxi, ductus
Application: Using the chart you made, write the
correct form of the infinitive for each sentence.
• 1. Tiberius Gracchus thought the senators had ruled
long enough.
• 2. Gaius Gracchus believed that the senators were
not ruling fairly.
• 3. Marius thought that he would rule well.
• 4. Sulla thought that he would rule better.
• 5. The Romans learned that Marius and Sulla were
leading the country to civil war.
•
•
•
•
6. Caesar’s soldiers knew that he led from the front.
7. Caesar’s men felt that Caesar was leading them to victory.
8. Pompey’s men felt that he had led them well.
9. Pompey knew that Caesar was leading his soldiers in Gaul
very well.
• 10. Pompey suspected that Caesar would lead his troops
against him.
Translate the subject accusatives for the
previous sentences.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ancient Rome
How a small group of very well-organized people
ran the Western World for over 700 years and
influenced even America
Unit Objectives
• Establish the chronology of Ancient Rome
• Analyze the geographical extent and impact of
the Romans
• Trace the rise of Rome from city to
superpower and the cause and effect of the
Punic Wars
• Examine the causes and individuals involved in
the fall of the Republic and compare to USA
• Identify the characteristics of Imperial Rome
from the rise of Augustus through the fall
• Analyze the role of entertainment in Roman
culture
• Trace the development of Christianity, its
impact on Rome, and Rome’s impact of
Christianity
Chronology of Ancient Rome
• Three time periods
– 753-509 BCE
The Monarchy
• Rome was ruled by 7 kings beginning with Romulus and
ending with Tarquinius Superbus
– 509 BCE- 31 BCE
The Republic
• Rome was ruled by the Senate who was elected by the
people
– 31 BCE – AD 476
The Empire
• Rome was ruled by emperors
The Punic Wars: Dido’s Curse
How Rome went from a small city on seven hills to
the Mediterranean superpower
“War is the crucible of mankind.”
• War is always bad but can bring about good
things.
• forces change and speeds up development
because of the life or death struggle
• forces people to find their leadership abilities
• development of weapons often leads to
technology then used for peacetime
WAR
• speeds up development of medical care for
treatment of wounds and infectious diseases
• forges close friendships between soldiers and
those not fighting because of shared struggles
and the intensity of the experience
• exposes people to new ideas from other
cultures
The Downside of war
•
•
•
•
widespread death and destruction
extreme violence and hatred
torture and inhumane acts
some soldiers permanently psychologically
damaged; all soldiers are changed by combat
Roman Army
• Rome became the ruler of the Mediterranean World because
their army was so much better than everybody else.
• better weapons, training, organization, technology
• to be successful in politics, you had to have military
experience
• Roman army spread Roman culture and language
• The Punic Wars developed the Roman army into the
impressive fighting force it would become.
The First Punic War 264-241
Roman ingenuity and tenacity
triumphs over Carthage
First Punic War
• Carthage and Rome both want to control
trade in the Mediterranean
• conflict starts over who will control island of
Sicily
• Carthage naval power, Rome land power
• Rome had no real navy and losing on the sea
First Punic War
• Carthaginian boat washed up on Roman shore
• Romans took it apart, used it as a model to build their own
ships
• quickly built huge fleet
• Romans as land army trained for hand to hand combat
– invented the Crow = little drawbridge with spike on the end shaped
like a crow’s beak
– holds the ships together
• Rome defeats Carthage, takes over Sicily, and makes Carthage
pay reparations ( huge fine to pay for war)
Second Punic War 218-201 BC
A tale of two boys and some
elephants
Second Punic War
• After defeat in first war, Carthage still
powerful and now hated Rome
• Hannibal, son of a Carthaginian general, made
to swear as a little boy that he would always
hate the Romans
– constantly reminded by his father
– Family moved to New Carthage, a colony on Spain
where his father died
– at age 26 Hannibal became general
Second Punic War
• Treaty from first war breaks down when
Hannibal invades towns in Spain
• Hannibal leads marches toward Rome with
100,000 men and 36 elephants
– Why bring elephants?
– marches over the Alps which no one expected
• Why?
Second Punic War
• The Bad Battles
– Trasimene: Hannibal trapped Romans between lake and hill in the fog;
Romans lost over 20,000 men
– Cannae: 40,000 Romans killed in one day
• Romans just kept building another army
• Fabius the Delayer avoided battle with Hannibal
– fought by constantly harassing Hannibal’s troops from sides and rear
– Romans embarrassed but needed to train new armies
Second Punic War
• Hannibal can’t get Romans to come out and
fight another big battle
– Why?
– stays in Italy nearly 20 years
– Romans are afraid of him
• Hannibal at the Gates becomes statement meaning that
disaster is coming
• Roman mothers would threaten their children with
“Hannibal will get you”
Second Punic War
• Earlier in the war in Spain, a young man
named Scipio had rescued his own father in
battle
– Scipio only 18, could easily have been killed
– Fought with Roman army against Hannibal from
very beginning
– watched Hannibal and analyzed his techniques
– eventually he becomes Roman general
Second Punic War: Africa
• Scipio convinces senate to allow him to take a
Roman army to Carthage in Africa
– knows Carthage will recall Hannibal from Italy to
protect the city
– knows how Hannibal will fight and is not afraid of
elephants
• Why would elephants be both good and bad?
• Scipio and Hannibal fight at Battle of Zama
– Scipio won, called Scipio Africanus afterwards
Third Punic War 149-146 BC
A Grumpy Old Man just can’t be
satisfied
Third Punic War
• Carthage severely crippled by second war
• By treaty, not supposed to build another army
• Cato the Elder a Roman senator hates
Carthage
– had fought against Hannibal
– thought Scipio Africanus had let Hannibal off to
easily
– ultra-conservative; thought everything too soft
Third Punic War
• Cato ended every speech, regardless of what it
was about, with the statement “Karthago
delenda est” ( Karthage must be destroyed)
• eventually Rome went back to war
– claimed Carthage was rebuilding an army
– burned city
– threw salt into ground as sign of destruction
– Carthage will later be rebuilt by Julius Caesar
because its location too good to waste
Assessment
•
•
•
•
1. Who is the general who nearly destroyed the Romans?
2. What did the Romans learn from the First Punic War?
3. Which was the worst battle for the Romans? the best?
4. Who ended every speech with “Carthage must be destroyed” and led
the Romans into a third war with Carthage?
• 5. What general defeated the Carthaginians using their own battle
tactics?
• 1. Quis est dux qui paene Romam vastavit?
• 2. Qui docti sunt Romani a Carthaginis militibus
in primo bello contra Carthaginem?
• 3. Quod proelium erat pessimum Romanis?
Optimum?
• 4. Qui confecit omnem orationem dicens
“Karthago delenda est”?
• 5. Qui dux vicit Carthaginem modis doctis de
Carthaginis duce?
The Aftermath of the Punic Wars
Bona et Mala Romanis
Aftermath of Punic Wars
• well-trained army
– went on to conquer Greece, parts of Africa, parts
of Asia
• No real competition
– increased trade, wealth
• Displaced farmers had lost farms while away
fighting
– farms bought cheap by wealthy landowners
Aftermath of the Punic Wars
• Displaced farmers become urban poor
– social unrest
– Patricians had used war to grab land and become
more powerful against plebians
• The Gracchi
– two brothers Tiberius and Gaius
• mother daughter of Scipio Africanus
– Tiberius elected as tribune to protect the plebians
• Tiberius developed plan to take public land
owned by Rome but used by wealthy senators
at little or no cost and give to the soldiers who
had lost their land to predatory buyers during
the war
– Is this fair? What are the problems with this?
– Compare this the BLM in our country?
– Senate furious, attack Tiberius in the senate with
their chairs and beat him to death
Gaius Gracchus: The Little Brother
• Several years later, the problem of the urban poor
has increased
– now wandering gangs of ex-soldiers prowling the streets
robbing and beating
• Gaius gets elected tribune
– tries to pass the same laws Tiberius did
– Senate causes a riot in which Gaius Gracchus is killed
• Rome now has a permanent class of poor
people living in the city who will be a
drain on the economy and a source of
political instability
– eventually will become the first welfare
state because they have to provide free
food for these people
Fall of the Roman Republic
What went wrong and why? Can we
avoid the same issues?
Review of the Roman Republic System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why did the Romans move from monarchy to republic?
What are the patricians and plebians?
What is a republic?
How did they separate the powers of government? Why?
How did the Punic Wars change Rome?
For only what crime could a Roman citizen be
executed?(Junnius Brutus executed his own sons.)
The Beginning of the End
• Gaius Marius
– Urban poor with nothing to do
• Why did Rome now have the urban poor?
– Marius cancelled the property requirement to be
in the army
• Serve 25 years and you get free land
– Why would this appeal to the urban poor?
• Army becomes loyal to individual commanders who
allow them to share the “booty” (Define booty in this
context.)
Gaius
Marius
Gaius Marius
• Why is it a problem for the army to be loyal to
its commander, not the country?
• Why would soldiers feel this way?
• The Marian Spear
– specialized tip that “fish-hooks” when it hits a
shield
– Why is this an improvement?
– How would this affect the soldiers and their
feelings about Marius?
Gaius Marius breaks the cursus
honorum
• You are supposed to wait 10 years between
consulships.
– Marius was allowed to hold consecutive
consulships
– Why is this problem?
– How will this contribute to the fall of the republic?
• The Social Wars: Italians who were not citizens
rebelled until they were granted citizenship.
– This conflict is where Marius gained most of his
power.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
• came from old but bankrupt family
• got his start serving with Marius but later
turned on Marius because he thought Marius
was giving too much power to the plebians
• Civil War against Marius
– marched his army on Rome
– first time an elected official had attacked his own
city
Lucius Cornelia Sulla
• Since Marius had established the precedent of
breaking the cursus honorum, Sulla wanted
multiple, consecutive consulships.
• Instead became dictator
– Did not follow example of Cinncinnatus the
Dictator who left his farm, defeated the enemy,
and retired in three days
Sulla
• passed laws to give the patricians more power
• established the precedent of using the army for personal
power
• established the precedent of using proscription
– proscription is publishing a list of people considered enemies of the
state and guilty of treason
– anyone on the list can be killed by anyone; the killer would not be
punished but rewarded with part of dead person’s property
• Sulla retired eventually after wrecking havoc on the system,
became a farmer who grew cabbages, and died two years
later
Lucius
Cornelius
Sulla the
Dictator
Julius Caesar
100- 44 B.C.
• Marius and Sulla and their civil wars had
severely undermined the Republic.
• This is the best documented time period in
Roman history
– Caesar wrote almost daily commentaries (Ancient
Tweets)
– letters and speeches of Cicero
– Roman historians wrote much about this period
– Why? ( Think about WWII versus 1950s)
Gaius Julius
Caesar who
destroyed the
Republic;
from old,
rich family
who claimed
descent from
Venus
Gaius Julius Caesar
• his father died when he was a teenager;
nephew to Gaius Marius
• Sulla tried to make him divorce his first wife
but he refused and left Italy
• always very ambitious; his role model was
Alexander the Great
• Completed the cursus honorum
Julius Caesar
• Master at manipulation
– gave great funeral games for his aunt to win
popularity with the common people
– said that the best source of information about
enemies was their wives and daughters
– could convince people to do what he wanted
without them seeming to know they were being
manipulated
– military genius beloved by his troops
The First Triumvirate
Rome in general mess with massive corruption
leads to formation of informal rule by a three man alliance
called a triumvirate
Pompey the Great = military experience
Crassus = money
Caesar = popular support
To cement alliance, Pompey married
Caesar’s daughter, Julia
Caesar’s Career in Gaul
• After consulship, became governor of Gaul
– needed money and military experience
– conquered Gaul (France and surrounding area) which almost doubled
the size of the empire, even invaded Britain
– sold conquered people into slavery $$$$$$$$$
– built loyal army
• led by example
• shared with soldiers; knew the name of every centurion
• spent 10 years with his army
Caesar as a Threat
• Triple threat
– Money from Gaul
– Political support in Rome from plebians especially
– loyal army who would follow him to %^& and back
• wants another consulship
– Crassus now dead; tried to invade Parthia; head became a toy for king
– Julia died in childbirth; Caesar blamed Pompey so no longer have
personal connection
– Senate demands he disband his army before he can run for office
Civil War ...again
• Pompey and Senate insecure about Caesar’s
growing power, especially his army
• Caesar crosses the Rubicon and invades Italy
• Pompey and the Senate flee to Greece so that
Pompey can gather his troops which are
mostly in the Eastern provinces
– forgot to take the treasury from Rome so Caesar gets all the money
Civil War: Caesar versus Pompey and
the Senate
• Big battle at Pharsalus
– Caesar outnumbered
– Pompey had senators bothering him; already had camp prepared for
victory celebrations
– Caesar told troops to go for faces of patricians
– Caesar won; Pompey ran to Egypt to King Ptolemy who owed him
favors
– Caesar pardoned everyone who fought against him to avoid the
problems that had followed Marius/Sulla war
Civil War and its aftermath
• Ptolemy just a kid; his advisors convince him
to kill Pompey
– Gives Caesar a “present” Pompey’s head and
signet ring
– Caesar very angry but decided to stay in Egypt to
help settle dispute between Ptolemy and his
sister/wife Cleopatra VII
• Why would Caesar be angry?
Cleopatra VII
actually a blue-eyed,
blonde
Greek not Egyptian
very smart but
ruthless
knew how to make
the best out of what
she had
Only image
of
Cleopatra
to survive
except
coins
Caesar in Egypt
• Cleopatra sneaks into palace rolled up in a rug
• Caesar impressed by her intelligence and willingness to learn
• spends too much time in Egypt playing with Cleopatra
– she gives birth to son Caesarion but Caesar smart enough not to
recognize him legally
• leads war to get Cleopatra the throne
– Ptolemy killed
– Library of Alexandria burned
– Caesar returns to Rome but makes plan to have Cleopatra join him
Caesar the Dictator
•
•
•
•
Veni, vidi, vici
changed calendar to Julian calendar
cancelled debts
Cleopatra and her son come to Rome and live nearby
– big insult to his wife Calpurnia
– big insult to people of Rome
• Why?
• appoints new senators to fill out ranks from war
• Senate very resentful
The Conspiracy
• Caesar planning a war against Parthia
– Being dictator not so much fun; sick with epilepsy getting worse
• Senate plans to kill him
– conspiracy led by Cassius and Brutus
– both had been pardoned by Caesar
– Brutus owed his career to Caesar but had issues with him because of
his mother
• Brutus key figure because his ancestor had overthrown last king
The Murder of Caesar
• Caesar was warned by a soothsayer to “Beware the Ides of
March”
• Went to senate meeting anyway
– held in Theater of Pompey because senate house had been burned
– separated him from Marc Antony his lieutenant
• surrounded by senators pretending to ask him questions
– stabbed 25-30 times
– Brutus the last assassin “Et tu, mi fili”
After the Murder
• Conspirators rush out into Forum with bloody knives yelling
“Sic semper tyrannis”
– John Wilkes Boothe will say the same thing when he kills Lincoln
• Not very well-planned; had no plan of what to do next
– attacked by plebians who loved Caesar
– burned the houses of conspirators who had to flee Rome
– created a power vacuum that will led to the third civil war and one
man rule
What can we learn from this?
• loyalty of army to country not individuals
• don’t let people be exceptions to the structure of the
government
• If you remove a ruler, especially by force, always have a plan
for the new government
• Be careful about pardoning people; they don’t usually forgive
you.
• Don’t insult the public by having your girlfriend live close to
your wife.
The Rise of Augustus and
Transition to Rule by Emperor
What happens when people give up
their civil liberties
Legacy of Julius Caesar
• Remember what happened to Julius Caesar
• Everyone, especially Marc Antony, thought
Caesar would name Marc Antony, his secondin-command, as his heir
– Antony had been working with Caesar throughout
his career
– Antony had military experience and was well liked
by Caesar’s troops
– Antony was a drunk.
Caesar’s Will
• Caesar had no legitimate children (remember his daughter
Julia died in childbirth)
• named his great-nephew Octavius as his heir and adopted him
as his son in his will
• What did Octavius get?
– huge amount of money
– loyalty of army who adored Caesar and would want to support
whomever he named as successor
– hatred of Marc Antony and many senators, especially Brutus and
Cassius
Octavius’ Dilemma
• only 18 years old; no government or military experience
• damned if he does accept
– Marc Antony and most of the senate will not support him
• damned if he doesn’t accept
– Marc Antony and most of the senate will have him killed to remove
him as a threat to their rule
• decides with help of two close friends to go for it
– goes to the army and makes a speech about needing to punish the
assassins of his father Julius Caesar
– the army backs him against the senate and Antony
Octavius’ Rise to Power
• Step one was to get recognition for senate
– fights a battle against Marc Antony who was fighting the senate;
surprisingly wins
– orders senate to appoint him consul
• Senate refuses until Octavius brings his very loyal army to Rome to
convince them
• Step Two was to punish Brutus and Cassius
– forms the Second Triumvirate of Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus
– Defeats Brutus and Cassius ( both commit suicide) at the battle of
Phillippi
Octavius’ Continued Rise
• Step Three was to get rid of Antony
– divide the empire into two parts
• Octavius gets the Western part (Europe)
• Antony gets the Eastern part (Asia, Africa, Egypt)
• cement the alliance by having Antony marry Octavius’
sister Octavia
– Antony goes to Egypt because it’s the richest part
of the East
Antony and Egypt
• Antony meets Cleopatra who arrives on a golden boat
• Cleopatra is very ambitious; all she wants is to rule the world
– had tried with Caesar and that didn’t work out
– plans to use Antony to get herself into world power
• Antony not thinking with the right body parts
– hooks up with Cleopatra; divorces Octavia
• Remember Romans already don’t like Cleopatra
Octavius’ Continued Rise to Power
• Antony’s behavior with Cleopatra perfect
excuse for conflict with Octavius
– Octavius claims Antony is controlled by Cleopatra
a foreign queen
• Romans do not trust powerful women
• Antony actually gave Cleopatra (with whom he was
busily having children) parts of the Roman Empire as a
present
• How would the Roman react to this?
• Antony and Octavius meet at the Battle of
Actium to decide who will rule
Battle of Actium 31 BC
• Octavius actually doesn’t command the troops
– sick; never very physically strong
– Marcus Agrippa, his friend since childhood, commands troops
• During battle when it looks like Cleopatra and Antony are
losing, she sails off with all the money
– Antony follows her and abandons his troops
– not going after the money, going after his lover
• his troops think he’s “whipped” and join Octavius
Final Removal of Antony
• After Actium, Antony joins Cleopatra in Alexandria
• they both know they are beaten when Octavius arrives
• both commit suicide
– Antony stabs himself (manages to screw that up too)
– Cleopatra by legend has herself bitten by a snake smuggled into her
tomb in a basket of figs
• Probably really used poison since she practiced with poisons
• Octavius now sole ruler of Rome
Octavius becomes first emperor
• Romans had been through three civil wars less than 60 years
• People just wanted someone who could stabilize the
government
– Octavius very smart
– never had himself named dictator; called himself “princeps” which
mean “first citizen”
– held successive consulships but claimed his official role only a tribune
(which gave him veto power)
– real source of power = army and money
• Named Augustus by senate
Augustus’ Reign
• Very stable time
– begins the Pax Romana= 200 years of relative peace
– supports the arts and literature
• pays for the Aeneid which is the most important book in Roman literature
• poets Horace and Ovid also wrote during this time but Ovid was exiled for
writing a seduction manual
• started the first fire brigades and police
• pays for lots of building projects
– “I found Rome a city of bricks, I leave it a city of marble
– ruled until 14 AD
Problems with Augustus’ Reign
• lost over 10,000 soldiers in Battle of Teutoberg Forest in Germany when
defeated by Arminius whom the Romans had trained
• succession issues because only had one child Julia
– she had five children including three boys but they all died young
– she was super slut who had to be exiled because she went against Augustus’
family values policy
– had to name his stepson Tiberius as his successor
• couldn’t stand Tiberius
– Lack of a natural heir will lead to instability of succession throughout
Roman history
• Beginning of emperor worship which will lead to crazy emperors
Vocabulary for Late Republic
Indirect Statements
Aestas, aestatis f.
• summer
Beneficium, beneficii n.
• Kindness, favor, service
Captivus, captivi m.
• prisoner
Celeritas, celeritatis f.
• speed
Cupiditas, cupiditatis f.
• Desire, longing, passion
Dictator, dictatoris m.
• dictator
Diligentia, diligentiae f.
• diligence
Donum, doni n.
• gift
Gens, gentis f.
• Clan, tribe, nation
Genus, generis n.
• Birth, descent, origin, class, kind
Gloria, gloriae f.
• glory
Ignis, ignis m.
• fire
ius, iuris n.
• Right, law
Modus, modi m.
• Method, manner, way
Regnum, regni n.
• kingdom
Res, rei f.
• Thing, affair, event
Sacrificium, sacrificii n.
• Sacrifice, victim
Appello, appellare, appellavi,
appellatum
• Name, call
Appropinquo, appropinquare,
appropinquavi, appropinquatum
• Approach ( takes dative for direct object)
Ascendo, ascendere, ascendi,
ascensum
• climb
Cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum
• Yield, leave
Doleo, dolēre, dolui
• Suffer pain, grieve
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum
• lead
Emo, emere, emi, emptum
• buy
Eo, ire, ii/ivi, itum
• go
Faveo, favēre, favi, fautum
• Support, favor, help (takes dative for direct
object)
Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctum
• Flow, drip, pour, spread
Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum
• throw
Neglego, neglegere, neglexi,
neglectum
• Neglect, disregard
Numero, numerare, numeravi,
numeratum
• count
Regno,regnare, regnavi, regnatum
• Rule, reign
Soleo, solēre, solitus
• Be accustomed to
Studeo, studēre, studui
• Be eager, be enthusiastic, strive for, study
Volo, volare, volavi, volatum
• fly
Augustus
Augustus
• Primus princeps erat Octavius appellatus
Augustus.
• Iulius Caesar erat frater Octavii aviae.
• Octavius putavit se futurum esse heredem Iulii
Caesaris quod Caesar nullos liberos habuit
post mortem Iuliae.
• Saepe dixit amicis se recturum esse Romanum
Imperium sed nemo credidit adulescenti
audaci.
• Multi populi cogitaverunt Marcum Antonium,
Magistrum Equi Iulio Caesari in testamento
appellaturum esse heredem Caesaris.
• Certe Marcus Antonius putabat se accepturum
esse a Caesare imperium sed errabat.
• Post Caesar interfectus est a Bruto et Cassio cum
multis amicis et hostibus, Marcus Antonius
Romam regnabat
• Senatores qui Caesarem interfecerant, non
consilia ceperant bona Romano imperio post
mortem Caesaris.
• Senatores non intellexerunt populos Romae
amare Caesarem.
• Hi cogitaverunt populos futuros esse felices
ubi senatus Romam rursus regnabat.
• Marcus Antonius cogitavit populum cupiturum
esse sibi regere.
• Senatus et Marcus Antonius errabant.
• Ubi testamentum Caesaris lectum erat in Foro,
Octavius appellatus est Caesaris heres.
• Antonius erat iratissimus et cupivit delēre
Octavium.
• Senatus erat iratissimus sed non cupivit regi
vel a Antonio cui nemo credidit vel a Octavio
qui vixerat vix septemdecim annos.
• Octavius novit se esse in magno periculo.
• Senatus cupivit necare eum quod volebat
regere et Antonius eum necare cupivit quod
regere volebat.
• Octavius decrevit se iturum esse Romam et
capturum esse imperium de senatu et
Antonio.
• Narravit suis amicis se debēre capere illa quae
suus pater sibi dederat.
• Pauci crediderunt Octavium posse fieri
Caesaris heredem sed hi non intellexerunt
hunc adulescentem.
• Octavius novit se favorem Caesaris militum
debēre petere.
• Igitur occurrit cum militibus et sua consilia
explicavit eis.
• Senatus tantum odium contra Antonium
habuit ut daret Octavio imperium exercituum.
• Iusserunt Octavium vincere Antonium.
• Fatue senatus credidit se posse continēre
Octavium quod erat adulescens.
• Rursus errabant senatores.
• Octavius Antonium in proelio vicit sed tum se
cum Antonio et altero duce nomine Lepido
iunxit contra senatum.
• Hi duces appellati sunt triumviri.
• Iter fecerunt Romam et ceperunt urbem.
• Octavius praesertim Brutum et Cassium
volebat punire.
• Publice scripserunt nomina hostium et similis
Sullae hos interficerunt.
• Deinde ducentes suos execitus, Antonius et
Octavius qui fuerant hostes nunc exercitus
Bruti et Cassii in proelio prope Philippos
oppugnaverunt.
• In hoc proelio vicerunt illos qui interfecerant
Caesarem.
• Brutus et Cassius se necaverunt.
• Post proelium, Antonius et Octavius imperium
Romanum dividēre decreverunt.
• Removerunt potestatem Lepidi et Antonius
regnabat in provinciis orientibus dum Octavius
regnabat in Roma et provinciis occidentibus.
• Stultus Antonius etiam putabat se posse
vincere Octavium facile; consensit se ducere
ad matrimonium Octavii sororem Octaviam.
• Sed nesciebat Octavium iam consilia capere et
mox bellum civile reventurum esse Romanis
populis.
• Antonius constituit se regnaturum esse suos
provincias de Aegyptio cum reginā Cleopatrā.
• Octaviam quam multi Romani suspexerunt
repudiavit; in hoc modo offendit multos
Romanos.
• Octavius explicavit senatui Antonium et
Cleopatram consilia cepisse contra Romam.
• Dixit Cleopatram barbaram reginam ducere
Antonium et debēre vastari.
• Explicavit Antonium dedisse magnas partes
Romani imperii.
• Senatus decrevit gerere bellum contra
• Iusserunt Octavium ducere Romanum
exercitum contra Antonium et reginam
Cleopatram.
• Prope Actium, Antonius et Octavius bellum
gerebant ubi subito Cleopatra e proelio
navigavit.
• Antonius reliquit suos milites quod cupivit ire
cum uxore suā Cleopatrā.
• Milites senserunt Antonium amississe eius
fortitudinem.
• Celeriter Antonii milites se iunxerunt cum
Octavio et nunc Octavius erat solus imperator
Romae.
• Antonius et Cleopatra se interfecerunt in
Aegyptio.
• Octavius sensit Caesarionem, filium Iulii
Caesaris e Cleopatrā futurum esse periculum
sibi.
• Igitur iussit puerum necari, sed licet Octaviae
alere Antonii et Cleopatrae alteros liberos.
• Octavius simulavit favēre senatui sed iussit se
appellari consulem et tribunum.
• Milites favebant Octavio et erant genus
potestatis optimae principi.
• Senatus cupivit appellare eum dictatorem
perpetuum sed Octavius scivit illum officium
fuisse causam mortis Caesaris.
• Igitur senatus nomen Augustum ei dedit.
• Octavius erat primus princeps Romae.
• Regnabat viginti et septem annos ut princeps;
Romana Res Publica erat mortua.
Augustus mutat Romam
• Augustus multa mutavit.
• Coepit legere milites custodi privato sibi.
• Hi milites erant Praetoriani Custodes qui altos
ordines et salaria magna habuerunt et iverunt
cum Augusto ubique.
• Auxilio Agrippae et Maecenae Augustus bene
regnabat et correxit vitam plebiam.
• Augustus multa aedificavit. Dixit se invenisse
Romam factam laterum et mutavit ad urbem
factam marmoris.
• Dedit favorem poetis et scriptoribus
praesertim Verilio, Ovidio qui sero misit in
exsilium, et Horatio et Livio.
• Sed duo discrimina paene vastaverunt Augusti
regnum.
• Primum discrimen erat proelium in Germania
ubi XV milia militum necata sunt et tria
aquilae amissae sunt.
• Augustus saepe dixit se cupere suas aquilas; hi
victi milites vexabant principem maxime.
• Secundum discrimen erat inopia liberis.
• Augusti uxor Livia duos filios habuit cum
primo marito sed nullos liberos cum Augusto.
• Similis Iulio Caesari, Augustus solam unam
filiam Iuliam habuit.
• Amavit suam filiam carissime sed Iulia erat
scortilla.
• Habuit quinque liberos cum marito Agrippā
sed tres pueri mortui sunt ante Augustum.
• Ubi Agrippa mortuus est, Augustus coegit
Iuliam esse uxorem filii vitrici eius Tiberium
cui habuit multum odium.
• Augustus didicit Iuliam habuisse plurimas res
amoris publice et misit filiam in exsilium.
• Non sivit Iuliae nomen dici in suo domo.
• Deinde coactus est appellare Tiberius ut
heredem.
• Augustus est etiam hodie exemplar optimi
principis.
• Senatus fecit edictum Augustum adoratum
esse in omnibus provinciis.
Augustus Mutat Romam QUiz
• 1. What two things did the Praetoriam
Guard have?
• 2. What was the purpose of the Praetorian
Guard?
• 3. Who helped Augustus rule?
• 4. Who benefitted from his rule?
• 5. What change did Augustus say he made to
the city of Rome?
• 6. Whom did he support?
• 7. What was the first crisis of his reign?
• 8. Why did he say he wanted his eagles?
• 9. What was the second crisis of his reign?
• 10. How did he feel about his daughter?
• 11. Why did her children not inherit the
throne?
• 12. What did he force Julia to do?
• 13. What did he learn about Julia?
• 14. After her exile, what would he not allow?
• 15. Of what is Augustus considered an
example?
• 16. What did the senate decree?
• 17. What did many people believe about
Augustus?
Writing with infinitives
• 1. Caesar wanted to rule Rome.
• 2. It was necessary for him to lead soldiers
and to have money.
• 3. He knew that Gaul would be his
opportunity.
• 4. To rule is life for Caesar.
Writing With Infinitives 2
• 1. Octavius knew that Antonius wanted to
destroy him.
• 2. Antony felt that Cleopatra would always
love him.
• 3. Octavius understood that the Romans did
not like Cleopatra.
• 4. Octavius wanted to rule Rome.
– Octavius, Octavii m.
– Antonius, Antonii m.
– Cleopatra, Cleopatrae f.
Writing Practice
• Explain who Augustus was, what he wanted to
do, what he had to do to reach his goal, and
where he gained power. Please utilize your
four sentence types discussed earlier.
Listening Practice
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
rex dux princeps regina
Iuliam Liviam Livillam Drusillam
Iulia Livia Agrippina Drusilla
Agrippam Cleopatram Sullam Marium
vicit duxit necavit amavit
Historical Heroes: Julius Caesar
• 1. Prior to beginning his quest, has Julius Caesar
been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates his quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does he use to
accomplish his goal?
• 4. How does he obtain the skills and resources he
needs for success?
• 5. What is his leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does he face?
• 7. What sacrifices does he make?
• 8. How does he utilize his success?
• 9. What could he have done differently?
Historical Heroes: Augustus
• 1. Prior to beginning his quest, has Augustus
been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates his quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does he use to
accomplish his goal?
• 4. How does he obtain the skills and resources he
needs for success?
• 5. What is his leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does he face?
• 7. What sacrifices does he make?
• 8. How does he utilize his success?
• 9. What could he have done differently?
Historical Heroes: Cleopatra
• 1. Prior to beginning her quest, has Cleopatra
been given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates her quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does she use to
accomplish her goal?
• 4. How does she obtain the skills and resources
she needs for success?
• 5. What is her leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does she face?
• 7. What sacrifices does she make?
• 8. How does she utilize her success?
• 9. What could she have done differently?
Historical Heroes: Marc Antony
• 1. Prior to beginning his quest, has Antony been
given any special talents or help?
• 2. What motivates his quest?
• 3. What skills and resources does he use to
accomplish his goal?
• 4. How does he obtain the skills and resources he
needs for success?
• 5. What is his leadership style?
• 6. What dangers does he face?
• 7. What sacrifices does he make?
• 8. How does he utilize his success?
• 9. What could he have done differently?