Chapter 11: DNA and the Language of Life
11.1 Genes are made of DNA
FREDERICK GRIFFITH (1928)
Describe experiment:
•Heat treated fatal strain =
•Mixture of heat-treated fatal and harmless strain =
OSWALD AVERY
Searching for “transforming factor”
Protein:
DNA:
*Concluded that …
ALFRED HERSHEY AND MARTHA CHASE (1952)
• virus:
• bacteriophage:
Describe experiment:
Concluded that …
Name: ________________________
11.2 Building Blocks of DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):
Draw a nucleotide
nucleotides:
1.
2.
3.Nitrogenous base:
Pyrimidines
(single-ring structure)
Purines
(double-ring structure)
__________________ = T ---->
<---- A = ___________________
__________________ = C ---->
<---- G = ____________________
DISCOVERY OF DNA STRUCTURE
ROSELAND FRANKLIN AND MAURICE WILKINS (EARLY 1950’S)
Contribution =
JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK
What did they discover?
double helix:
1953 - published an article in Nature about the DNA structure
11.3 DNA Replication
•DNA replication:
•DNA polymerase:
Explain the process of DNA Replication:
11.4 Genes Make Proteins
GEORGE BEADLE AND EDWARD TATUM
Hypothesis=
Present Hypothesis =
COMPARING DNA AND RNA
How many strands?
Sugar=
Which bases are used?
DNA into RNA
transcription:
translation:
DNA
RNA
codon:
Stop Codons=
Start Codon=
11.5 Two Main Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. TRANSCRIPTION : DNA TO RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA):
RNA polymerase:
EDITING THE RNA MESSAGE
RNA is modified and processed before it leaves the nucleus as mRNA
introns:
exons:
RNA splicing:
2. TRANSLATION: RNA TO PROTEIN
transfer RNA (tRNA):
anticodon:
Ribosomal RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
“P” site “A” site-
Example:
Transcription (DNA to mRNA)
DNA =
TAC AAT GCG GTA ACT
mRNA =
Translation (mRNA into amino acids)
Amino acids (use chart)=
_________________, ___________________,
_________________, ___________________, _______________
OVERVIEW OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA
________
Transcription
makes…
Translation
creates…
_______________
Form to
produce…
____________
11.6 Mutations
mutation:
TYPES OF MUTATIONS
Base substitutions:
Insertions:
Deletions:
Which type can be most harmful?
CAUSES OF MUTATIONS
•Occur when …
• mutagens:
Mutations must be present in ___________________ to be passed down to the next generations.