World History 1500 to
Present
Unit 3 Vocabulary: French Revolution and other
Enlightenment inspired revolutions, spread of
nationalism; Unification Movements;
Industrial Revolution
SOLs: 1 a-e; 6 d-g; 7 a-d; 8 a-c
Bourgeoisie

This term refers to the
wealthiest members of the
Third estate in France, or
“the middle class.”
The bourgeoisie were the wealthiest
members of the Third Estate.
Bastille

This was a state prison and
royal armory that an angry
mob attacked on July 14,
1789.
Louis XVI

This French royal was too
late in enacting reforms and
controlling expenses of the
royal family. He lost his head
when the revolution got more
radical.
Robespierre

A believer in the social contract
theory, this leader of the
Committee of Public Safety was
once called “the Incorruptible,”
but his extremism led to his
arrest and execution at the
guillotine.
Reign of Terror

This was an attempt by the
National Convention and the
Committee of Public Safety to
protect France and the goals of
the revolution from “enemies”
at home and abroad. Up to
40,000 people were executed.
Napoleon

This leader of France rose up
through the military ranks to
become the self-proclaimed
emperor of France after the
revolution de-stabilized the
nation
Jacques Louis David

This was the leading artist of
the French Revolution best
known for painting grand
portraits of Napoleon.
Toussaint L’Ouverture

Born a slave on the island of
Haiti, this person was called the
“tree of black liberty” and is
known for inspiring his
followers to establish Haiti as
the first non-slave nation in the
Western Hemisphere.
“Tree of
Black
Liberty”
Simon Bolivar

This educated Creole led an
uprising inspired by the
American and French
Revolutions and established
the republic of Venezuela in
South America.
His legacy contributed
decisively to the independence
of present-day Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá,
Perú and Venezuela
Congress of Vienna

This was a gathering of
European powers to restore
stability to Europe after 25
years of war. Dominated by
conservative forces, the powers
agreed to crush uprisings
inspired by enlightenment
ideas.
Klemens von Metternich

This Austrian foreign
minister was in charge of
directing the European peace
settlement in 1815.
Clemens von Metternich und James Monroe"
Count Cavour

This crafty politician was
appointed prime minister of
Sardinia and helped expand the
economy and push out foreign
influences. Eventually, he
helped unite Italy.
G. Garibaldi

This Italian patriot was the
leader of the Red Shirts and
united much of Southern
Italy through his military
victories.
Otto von Bismarck

This Prussian noble is
credited with masterminding
the unification of Germany.
Otto von Bismarck Bergman
Realpolitik

This term means politics that
are based on practical
matters rather than on
theory or ethics.
Romanticism

This artistic movement emerged
as a reaction against the
rationalism of the
Enlightenment and stressed
feelings, emotions, and the
imagination as sources of
knowledge.
James Hargreaves

This textile worker invented a
spinning wheel –a spinning
jenny- that could allow one
worker to work eight threads at
the same time, thus speeding up
textile work.
James Watt

This person is a credited with
improving the steam engine
that powered much of the
Industrial Revolution.
Eli Whitney

This person is best known
for inventing the cotton gin
which removed seeds from
the cotton and sped up
production.
REMOVES
SEEDS
DOES NOT
PICK
COTTON!!!
Henry Bessemer

This person created a better
process for turning iron into
steel.
Edward Jenner

This person invented a
vaccine for smallpox.
Louis Pasteur

This person proposed the
germ theory of disease and
eventually developed a
process for purifying milk.
Charles Darwin

This English naturalist
challenged the idea of special
creation with his theory that all
forms of life evolved from
earlier forms of life. He wrote
On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection.
Sigmund Freud

This Austrian doctor believed that
the unconscious mind drives how
people think and act. He developed
a therapy called psychoanalysis to
help patients deal with the
psychological conflicts created by
these forces.
Adam Smith

This icon of capitalism wrote
The Wealth of Nations in
which he explains the market
forces of supply and demand
that are crucial to economic
growth.
Karl Marx

This famous, extreme socialist
wrote the Communist Manifesto in
which he and Freidrich Engels
explained the evil injustices
associated with capitalism. They
suggested that redistributing
wealth was a solution to the
problems of capitalism.
Queen Victoria

This person was monarch of
Great Britain from 1837-1901
whose sense of duty and moral
responsibility lent her name to
the Age.
Anti-Semitism

This means hostility and
persecution of Jews.
Zionism

This is a movement that
emerged from the long history
of exile and persecution
experienced by generations of
Jews and focused on securing a
homeland in Palestine.
Dreyfus Affair

This was an incident in which a
Jewish captain in the French
army was unfairly tried for
treason, but later found
innocent and pardoned after
public outcry.