• CC Motivation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8 • Psychology of SELF MOTIVATION • http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/ThePsychology-of-Self-Motivati 1/12 • DO NOW: ▫ Turn in your 3 TYPES OF LEARNING handout ▫ Free write. Write down a few sentences about what motivates you. you Why do come to school? Why are you in an AP course? Why are you applying to colleges, looking for careers? Why do you get up and shower? Etc. etc… Motivation and Emotion • Materials: chapter 8A, 8B. Study Guide (note changes in study guide) ▫ Due for M/E Unit = Study guide w/vocab and all questions completed. 1st, 2nd, 8th= 1 reading quiz on Day 3 3rd and 5th = 5 unit review questions total from chapter 8 • Day 1 = Motivation. Chapter 8A: pgs. 327 -362 Theories Hunger Achievement Eating disorders, obesity and weight Sex, sexual orientation • Day 2 = Motivation (finish),Emotions. Chapter 8B: pgs. 366-396 • Day 3= Stress and Health. Chapter 8B: pgs. 397-406 Aron Ralston Survivor: The Aron Ralston Story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyPBTblkzBI Aron Ralston Project Discuss Aron Ralston’s experience using the following psychological principles. Use specific examples and events to illustrate each psychological concept or theory. • • • • • Drive reduction theory Arousal theory & sensation seeking (Type T’s) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives Opponent-process theory of emotion Cognitive Dissonance theory I CAN: • Define Motivation • Distinguish the 6 types of motivation (Drive, Motive , Intrinsic Motivation , Extrinsic Motivation, Conscious Motivation, Unconscious Motivation) • Describe a time overjustification interfered with your motivation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do? Motivation takes many forms, but all involve inferred mental processes that select and direct our behavior Motivation may be… conscious "I'll need a good grade, so I'll study" or unconscious nibbling on food while you're studying Motivation ▫ Mental processes that select and direct our behavior Why We Do Things Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Types of Motivation • Drive • Motive • Intrinsic Motivation • Extrinsic Motivation • Conscious Motivation • Unconscious Motivation Drives “Push” and Incentives “Pull” Drives are based on inner needs and can be seen as a force “pushing” from inside of us. Incentives are external stimuli that either appeal to our needs or trigger our aversive feelings, and can be used to “pull” us in our actions. For example: we have a drive to have food, or money we can exchange for food. employers can use the prospect of a raise in (or elimination of) salary as an incentive for us to follow employer goals and policies. Drive Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Biologically instigated motivation • Hunger • Thirst • Sex Motive The internal mechanism that selects and directs behavior Urges that are mainly learned rather than biologically based • The desire to play video games • The Need for Achievement Intrinsic Motivation Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake • This comes from ‘within’ the person Extrinsic Motivation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence…like a reward The anticipation of a reward will continue to be a motivator even when the task holds little or no interest. An extrinsically motivated student may have no interest in the subject, but the possibility of a good grade is enough to keep the student motivated Personal examples? Conscious Motivation • Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire Unconscious Motivation • Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire A talented basketball player who plays poorly in a Freud: repressed desires, impulses, memories influence game could unconsciously be punishing an overmotivation demanding father or coach Theories of Motivation 1. 2. 3. 4. Instinct Theory Drive Theory: aka Drive Reduction Theory Cognitive Theory Locus of Control (Internal and external) 5. Maslows’s Humanistic Theory (Hierarchy of Needs) 6. The Arousal Theory Jigsaw learning • In groups of 5-6 you’ll be assigned a theory. You will become the expert of that theory and teach the class using the following: ▫ Definition of the theory ▫ Example of theory • 20 minutes to collaborate, and prepare to share out Instinct Theory: One of the oldest theories comes from the field that we know today as Evolutionary Psychology Charles Darwin: human behavior is driven by innate instinctual drives (unlearned) like those for some birds & fish. However, this theory soon revealed its limitations in that it could only describe the behavior of humans but not provide an explanation. Examples: ★ Sea Turtles, upon being born on the beach, instinctively head directly to the sea. ★ Infants have an inborn rooting reflex that helps them seek out a nipple & obtain nourishment. ★ Birds have an inborn need to build a nest or migrate during the winter. "To qualify as an instinct, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned. Such behaviors are common in other species. Human behavior, too, exhibits certain unlearned fixed patterns, including infants' innate reflexes for rooting & sucking. Most psychologists, though, view human behavior as directed by both physiological needs & psychological wants." (Myers, 2011) Drive-Reduction Theory Physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Hull: Humans have innate biological needs (thirst) & social needs (love) Drives compel us to satisfy our needs The need is usually to maintain homeostasis. We are not only pushed by our needs... Pulled by our incentives: a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Thirst (need) feel an internal motivation (drive) to find water to satisfy that need Drive-Reduction Theory: Do whatever is necessary to reduce the unpleasant sensation. Humans often act counter to this notion. People will go on hunger strikes if they feel strongly about some cause. Motivation to not eat: greater than the biological motivation to eat. Arousal Theory Sometimes we do not seek homeostasis, but instead seek arousal. Our needs go beyond reducing drives. Stimulation is a primary need. Too much stimulation causes stress, so homeostatic processes are working here as well. Some people exhibit a drive towards high-risk situations that are uncomfortable without adrenaline rush. Others are content to watch and would feel uncomfortable if they were forced to engage in highrisk behaviors. Video: Real Life Spiderman 1:41 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • Internal LOC Locus of Control • You control • External LOC • If you study, you get a good grade • Good grades are due to luck or a biased teacher what happens to you • Outside influences control what happen Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hierarchy of Needs The notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic Maslow’s Self-Actualization Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 ▫State of selffulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Rewards • Rewards don’t always interfere with intrinsic motivation • For example, some people love their job and get paid for it Airborne Toxic Event Mini-assignment 1. READ THE STORY BELOW AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. Rodney Denman was an outstanding volleyball player his first three years of high school, but he did not perform as well in the classroom. At the end of his junior year, he discovered that he would not be eligible for any college volleyball scholarships unless he raised his grades. During his senior year, Denman's grades rose from a D average to a B+ average while his outstanding performance on the volleyball court continued. a. Pick a theory of human motivation (instinct, drive reduction, arousal, or incentive). b. Using this theory, explain Rodney Denman's change in behavior. 2. Using ANOTHER theory of motivation, explain some behavior that YOU engage in. Describe the behavior, then explain how the theory explains it. Freud believed that humans have only two basic drives: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 4. Psychodynamic Theory 1. Eros The desire for sex • 2. Thanatos The aggressive, destructive impulse. • Virtually everything we do is based on one of these urges Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Georgia O'Keefe • Since these urges are always building, we continuously need to find acceptable outlets for our sexual (artist creating art) and aggressive (sports) needs Homeostasis Does not explain things like why people play, which is rewarding in itself without satisfying a drive BREAK • Define Motivation • Distinguish the 6 types of motivation (Drive, Motive , Intrinsic Motivation , Extrinsic Motivation, Conscious Motivation, Unconscious Motivation) • Describe a time overjustification interfered with your motivation How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences Do NOW • Find “Motivation” study guide. • Turn and talk to a neighbor about: ▫ Drive reduction theory ▫ Motive ▫ Intrinsic motivation • Goals for today: ▫ Re-cover Theory ▫ Hunger, sex, sexual orientation and begin emotion Hunger Hunger as Motivation • Eating comes naturally ▫ If it was entirely learned, probably starve before learning it Physiology of Hunger BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION: Hypothalamus: region of brainyou mostwould often associated w/ motivation Motivation: feeding, fighting, fleeing, & sexual reproduction. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Washburn: showed hunger Glucose: hormone insulin partially related to the stomach. converts glucose to fat. **However, those persons who have When glucose levels had their stomachs removed still drop: feel hunger. HUNGER INCREASES Summary of Hypothalamus & Hunger Along lower middle section of hypothalamus is the ventromedial hypothalamus: depresses hunger Stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus & the animal will stop eating Lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus the animal will continuously want to eat. Along the sides of the hypothalamus is the lateral hypothalamus: which brings on hunger. Stimulate the lateral hypothalamus & even a well fed animal will begin to eat. Lesion the lateral hypothalamus & a starving animal will have no interest in food. Hunger Drive Hunger is probably the most researched of all physiological needs. Arises from a complex mixture of external and internal factors: External Factors • Stress - A person may eat to counteract negative feelings produced by stress. (Stress- unpleasant, Eating pleasant) Certain foods release the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has a calming effect. • Eating habits - Eating at fixed times of the day, regardless of hunger. • Food-related cues - Eat because food is appealing to you, even though you are not hungry. Eating dessert even though you are full. • Presence of eating cues - If you always have a snack an hour before going to bed, when the cock reaches that hour, it motivates you to go and get food - hungry or not. Internal Factors • • • • Hypothalamus - 2 factors, one monitors chemicals related to the amount of glucose in the body. When glucose drops, the hypothalamus produces sensation of hunger. After the need has been met, other chemicals are released that signal the feeling that you are full. A second homeostatic system measures the amount of fats and amino acids stored in the body's cells. When their levels drop too low, hunger signals are switched on. Basal Metabolic Rate - Each person burns food at a different rate and expends energy with different efficiency. A person with a high metabolic rate can eat more without gaining weight than someone who is just as active, but has a lower metabolic rate. Body (basal) Set Point - Falling below that "set point" of weight triggers biological processes that cause us to get hungry more often. Taste Sensation - Tastes is an important factor when we first begin eating. It encourages us to continue. Before long, the taste buds begin to shut down so that we are willing to stop eating when we are full. Set Point Theory Hypothalamus acts as a thermostat. We are meant to be in a certain weight range. When we fall below weight our body will increase hunger & decrease energy expenditure (Basal Metabolic Rate) What happens if we go above our set point? Theory states we will auto correct to lower point. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation and Hunger Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Eating Disorders Anorexia Disorder • significantly underweight (15% or more); feel fat and fear obesity; limited food intake • 2 types of anorexia • restricting type ▫ ▫ ▫ dieting fasting excessive exercise • binge-eating/purging type ▫ ▫ • • • • • self-induced vomiting misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas Binge-purge types are more likely to: have problems with impulse control abuse alcohol & other drugs have more labile moods be sexually active BULIMIA NERVOSA • binge eating • Bulimics are typically normal weight. Binge eating typically occurs in secret. • What are inappropriate ways of preventing weight gain? • vomiting (80-90% of bulimics) • Binge eating is often triggered by: ▫ dysphoric mood states • fasting ▫ interpersonal stressors ▫ intense hunger following dietary restraint ▫ feelings related to body weight, body shape, and food • excessive exercise (that interferes with important activities, occurs at inappropriate times or settings, or continues despite injury or medical conditions) • not taking insulin (in diabetics) • About 1 to 3 % of adolescent and young adult females are bulimic Women’s Body Images 1 – 5 Scale Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • The Thinning of Miss America Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners 24 BMI, kg/m² 23 22 • 21 • 20 19 18 17 16 15 • Trend line • •• • • • • • • ••• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • • World Health • Organization’s • cutoff point for undernutrition (18.5) • • 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year of Pageant Video: Dove Evolution Video: The Photoshop Effect The Thirst Drive • Volumetric Thirst • A drop in extracellular fluid levels • (Fluid outside the cells, such as in the blood) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Thirst Drive Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • Osmotic Thirst • A drop in intracellular fluid levels • Results from water moving through the cell walls…escaping in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, breath moisture Pain • Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove, rather than seek, a stimulus. 1/14/2015 • Do NOW: ▫ Discuss why you think eating disorders are so prevalent in Western society. ▫ explain the Arousal theory. Give an example of a famous person who might be an extreme in this theory. • Today: ▫ finish Motivation-sex, sexual orientation, conflict ▫ Emotion: Eckman, universals, (maybe) theories Sex and Motivation • Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not return the body to a state of equilibrium • The brain is the major sex organ in humans Sexual Drive: Pleasure that organisms derive from sex ensures that they will procreate, helping their species survive. Like hunger, it is a complex interaction involving chemistry, biology, & psychology. Chemistry - the release of specific chemicals in the body triggers the emotions we associate with sex drive. Cognition - plays an important role in mediating the sex drive. Just as cultural beliefs play a role in determining the foods one will eat or avoid, personal values and cultural customs are determining factors in when, how, and with whom one satisfies the sex drive. A Primary Need - However... sexual activity is also associated with higher needs in Maslow's hierarchy, such as belonging, avoidance of loneliness, and self-esteem. Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (early 1950’s). Most men and half of all women have premarital sex. Good beginning, however major problems with his study included sampling size & questionnaires. The Physiology of Sex 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females & 312 males Only people who were willing to have sex & display orgasm in a lab environment. Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles. Discovery of The Sexual Response Cycle (4 Stages) ★ Excitement Phase ★ Plateau Phase ★ Orgasm ★ Resolution Phase The Physiology of Sex People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing. Viewing erotic materials: ★ changes ones attitudes to be more liberal about sexual practices. ★ may make some people dissatisfied with their own sexual interactions. ★ elevates the likelihood of overt sexual activity for a few hours immediately after the exposure. Pheromones appear to be important in lower animals determinants of sexual desire in but of limited relevance to humans. Adolescent Sexuality Cultural Acceptance About ½ of all high school kids in US report having sex. Rates are higher in Western Europe but lower in Arab or Asian countries. Also change over time in the same culture: In 1900 3% of women reported having sex by 18. Now that number is around 1/2. Hormones and Sexual Motivation Sexual motivation may have evolved to enable creatures to pass on their genes. Sexual desire and response is not as tied to hormone levels in humans as it is in animals. During ovulation, women show a rise in estrogen and also in testosterone. As this happens, sexual desire rises in women and also in the men around them (whose testosterone level rises). Low levels of testosterone can reduce sexual motivation. Sexual Scripts • Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations • Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors Origins of Sexual Orientation Theories suggesting that sexual preference is related to parenting behaviors or childhood abuse are not supported by evidence. Differences appear to begin at birth. This could be genetic, or it could be caused by exposure to hormones or antigens in the womb. The fraternal birth order effect: being born after a brother increases the likelihood of being gay. Cause or Effect? The brain and other differences in sexual orientation Heterosexual men have a certain cell cluster in the hypothalamus that, on average, is larger than in gay men and in women. Gay men are more likely than straight men to be poets, fiction writers, artists, and musicians. Genetics and Homosexuality In fruit flies, a difference in one gene determined sexual orientation and behavior. Homosexuality seems to run in families and among identical twins, but still emerges spontaneously, even in one of a pair of twins. Genes related to homosexuality could be passed on by siblings or by people not living exclusively according to their sexual orientation. Homosexuality and Gender Hormones that affect gender may also affect sexual orientation. In mammals, female fetuses exposed to extra testosterone, and male fetuses exposed to low levels of testosterone, often grow up with: bodies, brains, and faces with traits of the opposite sex. the sexual attraction expected of the opposite sex to one’s own sex. The Origins of Sexual Orientation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 • Watch video Case studies of sexual orientation in twins • http://www.schooltube.com/video/8526c911d9e33a e837ad/Case-studies-of-sexual-orientation-in-twins Motives in Conflict • Approach-Approach Conflict • A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options • Finishing college and a full-time job offer • Easiest conflict to resolve Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict • Approach-Avoidance Conflict • A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made • Going out to a party, knowing that you will be grounded for being at the party. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict •Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict • A conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options • You intensely hate your job, but fear the reality of unemployment if you quit Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict • Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict • A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects Go to the Party Go to the Party Meet friends Have a good time Aren’t alone Aren’t bored Get grounded Don’t study for a test …fail it Do something stupid that you’ll regret Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Break • Emotions discussion CAN I? • Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power • Explain cultural differences in achievement • Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight • Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex • Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict Personnel psychology: hiring and evaluating The Psychology of the Workplace: IndustrialOrganizational [I/O]Psychology I/O psychology includes three different areas of focus Organizational psychology: management, supervision, leadership, and teamwork Human factors psychology: how workers interface with machines and the environment Organizational Psychology Goals of Organizational Psychology Research Organizational psychology: studying and consulting about how worker productivity and motivation is affected by different patterns of workermanagement engagement, leadership, and teamwork Maximizing worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity Understanding organizational structures and dynamics Facilitating organizational change Improving teamwork and leadership Grit: Motivation to Achieve and Self-Discipline to Succeed Organizational psychologists work in part to maximize motivation and put it to use for employers. Grit refers to a combination of desire for achievement and the ability/willingness to persist at hard work. Success in careers and organizations may be caused in part by people with grit, who stick to a goal when others would have quit. 77 Achievement in most fields of work may seem like a function of talent; however, Thomas Edison noted that, “genius is 1 percent inspiration, 99 percent perspiration.” Talent itself can be a result of perseverance. According to the “ten year rule,” it takes about ten years of hard work to become a skilled expert in a field. Success in work is predicted more by self-discipline than by intelligence test scores. A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement • Individualism • Collectivism Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction • Common in the Western world…Europe, the U.S. View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction • Common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION Evidence: Lateral Hypothalamus provides motivation for hunger or feeding: Lesion Lateral Hypothalamus in a rat, rat will lose its appetite. Rat will experience a form of anorexia in which it will not be hungry &, therefore, will not eat. -------------------------------------------------Evidence: Ventromedial Hypothalamus as the satiety center (part of brain that signals you are full): Lesion Ventromedial Hypothalamus, rat will not feel full. Rat will continue to eat well beyond what is normally expected.