What You’ll Learn
1. Discuss ways to determine desirable weight and
body composition.
2. Outline steps to follow for healthful weight gain and
weight loss.
3. Evaluate common
weight-loss strategies.
4. Discuss risks for developing
eating disorders.
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What You’ll Learn
5. Discuss facts about anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
6. Discuss binge eating disorder and obesity: the
causes, symptoms, associated health problems,
and treatments.
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Key Terms
• body composition
• basal metabolic
rate (BMR)
• caloric intake
• caloric expenditure
• overweight
• obesity
• eating disorder
• anorexia nervosa
• bulimia
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• binge eating
disorder
Weight and Body Composition
• Weight management is a diet and exercise
plan to maintain a desirable weight and
body composition.
• Desirable weight is the weight that is
healthful for a person.
• Body composition is the percentage of fat
tissue and lean tissue in the body.
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How to Determine Desirable Weight and
Body Composition
• The physician or dietitian will ask your age and
measure your height and current weight.
• The body frame is the approximate weight and
density of the bone structure.
• The basal metabolic rate, or BMR, is the
number of calories the body uses at rest .
• A calorie is a unit of energy produced by food
and used by the body.
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How to Determine Desirable Weight and
Body Composition
• There are two kinds of body fat.
– Essential body fat is
the amount of body
fat needed for
optimal health.
– Adipose tissue is fat
that accumulates
around internal
organs, within muscle,
and under your skin.
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How to Determine Desirable Weight and
Body Composition
• How to make a weight management plan
– A weight management plan is based on
caloric intake and caloric expenditure.
– Caloric intake is the number
of calories a person takes in
from foods and beverages.
– Caloric expenditure is the
number of calories a person
uses for basal metabolic rate,
digestion, and physical activity.
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How to Determine Desirable Weight and
Body Composition
• Goal setting
– When planning any type of goal setting, it is
best to create a health contract or some type
of plan.
– Set a target date to evaluate your progress,
stating how the plan helped you accomplish
your health goal.
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How to Determine Desirable Weight and
Body Composition
• Decision-making skills
– Making responsible
decisions regarding
your caloric needs
can help you reach
your goal.
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Gaining Weight
• A body weight that is 10 percent or
more below desirable body weight
is underweight.
• People who are underweight may
be malnourished.
• Malnutrition is a condition in which
the body does not get the nutrients
required for optimal health.
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How to Gain Weight
• Teens who are underweight should have a
physical examination to determine the cause.
• They should work with a physician and/or a
dietitian to develop a healthful plan for
weight gain.
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How to Gain Weight
How to Gain Weight Healthfully
• Increase food intake. Increase the number
of servings from each group in the Food
Guide Pyramid.
• Follow the Dietary Guidelines. Do not
develop harmful eating habits that are hard
to break.
• Watch eating habits and activity levels.
Eat snacks between meals and exercise to
increase muscle mass.
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Gaining Weight
• Overweight is a body weight
that is 10 percent or more than
desirable body weight.
• Obesity is a body weight that
is 20 percent or more than
desirable body weight.
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How to Lose Weight
• A physician can check for other causes of
overweight, such as an underactive thyroid gland.
• People who are overweight and obese are at
risk for developing cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes, and certain cancers.
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How to Lose Weight
Steps to Lose Weight Healthfully
• Decrease food intake. Select low calorie foods
and beverages from each food group.
• Follow the Dietary Guidelines. Be especially
careful to choose low-fat and fat-free foods
that are also low-calorie.
• Stay active. Participate in regular physical
activity that increases BMR.
• Keep a journal. Keep a journal of food and
beverage intake and weight loss.
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Weight Loss Strategies
• Developing healthful eating habits
is one way to lose weight gradually.
• Some people try other strategies for
losing weight.
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What to Know About
Weight-Loss Strategies
• Liquid diets
– A liquid diet is a diet in which beverages are
substituted for some or all meals.
– While on a liquid diet, a person should have
medical supervision with blood tests at set
intervals.
– Liquid diets sold in supermarkets and
drugstores that do not require medical
supervision can be dangerous.
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What to Know About
Weight-Loss Strategies
• Fad diets
– A fad diet is a quick weight-loss strategy that
is popular for a short time.
– Some people try so many different diets that
they never develop healthful eating habits.
– Some fad diets are dangerous.
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What to Know About
Weight-Loss Strategies
• Prescription medications
– The Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has
approved prescription drugs
for the treatment of obesity.
– An anorectic drug is a drug that decreases
appetite and, in some cases, increases
serotonin levels in the brain.
– Serotonin is a chemical in the body that helps
regulate primitive drives and emotions.
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What to Know About
Weight-Loss Strategies
• Starvation diets
– A starvation diet is a dangerous method of
weight loss in which a person severely
restricts calories resulting in a shortage of
blood glucose.
– The body relies on stored fat for energy and
releases a high amount of fat into the blood.
– Fat ketosis is a condition in which excessive
ketones are released into the blood.
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What to Know About
Weight-Loss Strategies
• Over-the-counter diet pills
• Some diet pills can be
purchased without a
prescription.
• Diet pills can be dangerous,
addictive, and ineffective.
• Teens who use diet pills often
do not get a balanced diet and
may suffer from malnutrition.
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What to Know About
Weight-Loss Strategies
• Laxatives and diuretics
– A laxative is a drug that helps a person have
a bowel movement.
– A diuretic is a product that increases the
amount of urine excreted.
– The use of laxatives or diuretics provides
temporary weight loss because it is only
fluid loss.
– Fluid loss can be dangerous.
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Eating Disorders
• An eating disorder is a condition in which a
person has a compelling need to starve, to
binge, or to binge and purge.
• To binge is to eat large amounts of food over a
short period of time.
• To purge is to rid the body of food by vomiting
or by using laxatives and diuretics.
• Eating disorders are addictions.
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Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
• Emphasis on appearance
– Body image is the perception a person has of
his or her body’s appearance.
• Teens who have a positive body image look
in the mirror and like what they see, while
teens who have a negative body image look
in the mirror and are dissatisfied.
• Some teens develop a distorted body image
and think they are fat when they are not.
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Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
• Uncomfortable with secondary
sex characteristics
– During puberty, the secondary sex
characteristics develop.
– Some teens have difficulty when these
changes occur and may choose harmful
ways to cope with their feelings, such as
starving, bingeing, or purging.
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Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
• Perfectionism
– Perfectionism a compelling need to
be flawless.
– Perfectionism is the result of feeling
inadequate and insecure.
– When teens who are perfectionists begin a
diet, they may develop an eating disorder.
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Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
• The need to control
– Some teens feel compelled to control
every situation.
– As a result, they diet or exercise to
extremes as a way to show control.
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Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
• Expression of emotions
– Some teens are not able to express their
emotions and substitute
other behaviors for the
healthful expression of
these emotions.
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Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
Behaviors of an Eating Disorder
The following behaviors may indicate that you are at risk
for developing an eating disorder:
• I constantly compare
myself to others.
• I am unhappy with my
physical appearance.
• I wear baggy clothes to
hide my body changes
(females).
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• I felt unsafe during my
childhood (from
alcoholism, physical
abuse, or sexual abuse in
the family).
• I only feel secure when I
can feel that I am in
control of a situation.
Why Some Teens Are at Risk for
Developing Eating Disorders
Behaviors of an Eating Disorder
The following behaviors may indicate that you are at risk
for developing an eating disorder:
• I think it is disgusting
• I do not know what to do
to have menstrual
when I feel lonely,
periods. (females)
frustrated, rejected,
or depressed.
• I am never satisfied with
anything I do.
• I reach for food, starve,
exercise, or rid myself
• My parent or guardian is
of food when I
never satisfied with
am uncomfortable.
anything I do.
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Anorexia Nervosa
• Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in
which a person starves himself or herself
and weighs 15 percent or more below
desirable weight.
• Anorexia nervosa, which usually is referred to
as anorexia, is life-threatening.
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What to Know About Anorexia
• Obsessed with being thin
– People with anorexia do not recognize when
they are dangerously thin.
– The disease can affect males and females,
teens and adults.
– Many people with anorexia, especially teens,
are obsessed with exercise and abuse
laxatives, enemas, and diuretics.
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What to Know About Anorexia
• Perfectionism
– Teens with anorexia often are good students
and are obedient and respectful.
– They often set very high
expectations for
themselves and feel
inadequate if these
expectations are not met.
– To try to gain back control,
they starve themselves.
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What to Know About Anorexia
• Treatment for anorexia nervosa
– Treatment for anorexia involves a team of
professionals—physicians, nurses, dietitians,
and mental-health professionals.
– A treatment plan is developed that deals
with physical, mental, and emotional
health problems.
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What to Know About Anorexia
How Anorexia Nervosa Harms Health
Teens with anorexia may have:
• dehydration
and constipation,
• abdominal pain
and nausea,
• hormonal changes,
• damage to body organs,
• decrease in heart rate
and blood pressure,
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• impaired immune
system function,
• absence of menstruation
in females,
• hair loss and malnutrition,
• negative self-confidence,
• a lack of self-respect,
• depression and an urge
to withdraw.
Bulimia
• Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person
binges and purges.
• Bingeing and purging involves eating large
amounts of food in a short period of time, then
ridding the body of the foods.
• Teens with bulimia may vomit or use laxatives
or diuretics to purge.
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What to Know About Bulimia
• Bulimia is far more common than
anorexia nervosa.
• Obsession
– People with bulimia are obsessed with their
body shape and size.
• Negative body image
– Teens who have a negative body image are
at risk for bulimia.
– These teens often are insecure
and depressed.
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What to Know About Bulimia
• Behaviors of teens with bulimia
– Unlike teens with anorexia, teens with
bulimia usually know they have a problem.
– They feel guilty and ashamed, but are
unable to change their behavior.
– Many teens try to conceal their
bulimic behavior.
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What to Know About Bulimia
• How bulimia harms health
– Teens with bulimia may have dissolved tooth
enamel, tooth decay, sore gums, enlarged
salivary glands, and swollen cheeks.
– Bulimia may cause damage to the colon,
heart, and kidneys.
• Treatment for bulimia
– Treatment for bulimia involves a team of
professionals who deal with physical and
emotional health problems.
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What to Know About Bulimia
Signs of Bulimia in Teens
Teens with bulimia may:
• binge in private, but
eat regular amounts
when with others,
• have one secret place in
which to binge,
• steal food or hide it in a
secret place,
• think about food
constantly and plan each
binge carefully,
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• buy or steal special treats
or meals for a binge,
• gulp food quickly while
bingeing so as not to
be discovered,
• steal money to purchase
food, or steal from stores
• exercise and diet
excessively
between binges.
Binge Eating and Obesity
• Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder in
which a person cannot control eating and eats
excessive amounts.
• Between 2 and 5 percent of Americans
experience binge eating disorder in a
six-month period.
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What to Know About Binge Eating
Disorder and Obesity
• Binge eating disorder is more common
in females.
• Teens with this disorder turn to food as a
substitute for coping and, after time, become
addicted to food.
• Teens with binge eating disorder need medical
and psychological help.
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What to Know About Binge Eating
Disorder and Obesity
• How binge eating disorder and obesity
harm health
– There are many physical problems associated
with binge eating disorder and obesity.
– They include an increased risk of developing
cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure,
diabetes, and certain types of cancer.
– Teens with binge eating disorder may have
negative self-esteem, a negative body image
and frequent bouts of depression.
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What to Know About Binge Eating
Disorder and Obesity
• Treatment for binge eating disorder
and obesity
– Treatment for binge eating disorder and
obesity involves a team of health-care
professionals who deal with physical and
emotional problems.
– After weight loss, patients must learn new
eating habits.
– Therapy, nutrition classes, and support groups
are helpful.
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Anorexia v. Bulimia: What’s the Difference?
Teens with anorexia…
Teens with bulimia…
Are often females
age 14 to 18.
Are often females
age 15 to 24.
Are very thin.
May have normal weight.
Deny their behavior.
Are aware of their behavior
and feel guilty, but cannot
change.
Deny they are hungry.
Recognize they are hungry
and want to eat.
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Anorexia v. Bulimia: What’s the Difference?
Teens with anorexia…
Teens with bulimia…
Withdraw from others.
May be outgoing and social.
Females do not have
menstrual periods.
Females may have
irregular periods.
Resist treatment.
Are more likely to get help
when they are confronted
with their behavior.
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Study Guide
1. Match the following terms and definitions.
___
E adipose tissue
___
D serotonin
___
A malnutrition
___
C basal metabolic rate
___
B diuretic
A. a condition in which the body does
not get the nutrients required for
optimal health
B. a product that increases the
amount of urine excreted
C. the number of calories the body
uses at rest
D. a chemical in the body that helps
regulate drives and emotions
E. fat that accumulates around
internal organs, within muscle,
and under your skin
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Study Guide
2. Identify the following statements as
true or false.
_______
Obesity is a body weight that is 10 percent
false
more than desirable body weight.
_______
Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a
false
person cannot control eating and eats
excessive amounts
_______
People with anorexia do not recognize when
true
they are dangerously thin
_______
To lose weight, your caloric intake must be
true
less than your caloric expenditure
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Study Guide
3. Identify four reasons why some teens
develop eating disorders.
Reasons some teens develop eating disorders
include a negative or distorted body image, a
compelling need to be flawless or perfect, and
a need to show control. Some teens develop
eating disorders because they are unable to
express emotions or because they are
uncomfortable with the development of
secondary sex characteristics.
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