Chapter 5: The Skeletal
System
Lecture Notes Part B
Bone Fractures
• Fracture—break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Rickets:
•
Disease in children where bones fail to calcify:
• Bones soften and weight bearing bones will bow
• Caused by lack of calcium or vitamin D
Repair of Bone Fractures
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
External
callus
Bony
callus of
spongy
bone
New
blood
vessels
Healed
fracture
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Bony callus
formation
Bone remodeling
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Hematoma
formation
Figure 5.5, step 1
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
External
callus
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
New
blood
vessels
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Figure 5.5, step 2
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
External
callus
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
Bony
callus of
spongy
bone
New
blood
vessels
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Bony callus
formation
Figure 5.5, step 3
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
External
callus
Bony
callus of
spongy
bone
New
blood
vessels
Healed
fracture
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Bony callus
formation
Bone remodeling
Figure 5.5, step 4
The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
• Divided into three parts
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6a
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6b
The Skull
• Two sets of bones
• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
Human Skull, Lateral View
Figure 5.7
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Human Skull, Anterior View
Figure 5.11
Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Functions of paranasal sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 5.10a
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 5.10b
The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
• Aids in swallowing and speech
The Hyoid Bone
Figure 5.12