What is Development? The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) AKA developed countries Lesser developed countries (LDCs) AKA emerging or developing countries • Economic indicators of development – Types of jobs • Primary sector • Secondary sector • Tertiary sector: Quaternary, Quinary – Productivity • Measured by the value added per capita • MDCs are more productive than LDCs – Consumer goods How is development measured? • Social indicators of development – Education and literacy • The literacy rate – Health and welfare • Diet (adequate calories) • Access to health care How is development measured? • Demographic indicators of development – Life expectancy • Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s – Other demographic indicators: • Infant mortality • Natural increase • Crude birth rate Human Development Index: HDI http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/ Human Development Index HDI HDI only includes income from the formal market. Reported to the government, pay taxes. Formal Market: Ecuador Informal Market: Ecuador HDI does not include income from the informal market. Not reported to the government, no taxes paid. Formal Market: Brazil Informal Market: Brazil Multidimensional Poverty Index: MPI http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/mpi/ MPI: India MPI: Sierra Leone MPI Laos vs. Ukraine MPI: Ukraine MPI China Models of Development • Development through self-sufficiency – Characteristics: • Pace of development = modest • Distribution of development = even • Barriers are established to protect local business –Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers • Two major problems with this approach: –Inefficient businesses are protected –A large bureaucracy is developed Models of Development Rostow: International Trade Approach International Trade Approach Development through international trade – Examples of international trade approach • The “four Asian dragons”: Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea • Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states Semi-Peripheral States – Three major problems: • Uneven resource distribution • Increased dependence on MDCs • Market decline International Trade Approach Models of Economic Development Wallerstein’s World System Analysis • Core: High Income High use of technology High % of tertiary activities High levels of Education by the majority of the population OECD countries G8 Semi-Periphery: used to be peripheral states Increased economic development BRICS Periphery: Low Income Low use of technology High % of primary activities Low levels of education by the majority of the population Core and Periphery Model: North South Divide BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China South Africa added in 2010 G8: Top State economies Canada, France, Germany, Italy, U.K., U.S.(Core) Mexico recently admitted (semi-periphery) BRICS: Semi-Peripheral States Core-Periphery on a national scale What is being done to increase development now? United Nations Millennium Development Goals Resources • De Blij, Harm, J. (2010). Human Geography People, Place and Culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. • Domosh, Mona, Neumann, Roderic, Price, Patricia, & Jordan-Bychkov, 2010. The Human Mosaic, A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. • Fellman, Jerome, D., Getis, Arthur, & Getis, Judith, 2010. Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. • Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic and Alex M. and Pulsipher, 2010. World Regional Geography, Global Patterns, Local Lives. W.H. Freeman and Company New York. • Rubenstein, James M. (2011). An introduction to human geography The cultural landscape. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.