Informal Class Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
What do you like about the class? What
works well for you? What should we do
more of?
What do you not like about the class? What
doesn’t work for you? What should we do
less of?
What are your thoughts on the labs so far
(good / bad / indifferent)?
How could the class be improved for the
rest of the term? What about for next term?
1
Lab Debriefing
Why did the potato extract turn brown as it
sat out on the desk?
 What would you observe if the reaction
was proceeding quickly? slowly?
 Was the potato the enzyme? What was
the substrate?

Color Intensity (from chart)
Enzyme Concentration
Time (min)
3
Color Intensity (from chart)
Substrate Concentration
Time (min)
4
Color Intensity (from chart)
Salt Concentration
4.5
4
3.5
3
0
0.5
5
10
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Time (min)
5
Cell Structure and
Compartments
The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life

All living things are made of cell(s)
(characteristic of life)
Cells

An organism can be
unicellular or
multicellular
 Range
from one to
billions of cells
 Humans have over
200 types of cells
8
Cells

An organism can be
unicellular or
multicellular
 Range
from one to
billions of cells
 Humans have over
200 types of cells
9
History of Cell Discoveries
1590’s: Hans and Zacharias Janssen
 Lens grinders
 First compound microscope
History of Cell Discoveries
1665: Robert Hooke
 Observed thin slice of
cork through microscope
 Tiny, hollow, roomlike
structures = “cells” (what
monks live in)
 Only saw outer walls
because cork is dead
History of Cell Discoveries
1680’s: Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
 Blood, rainwater,
scrapings from teeth, etc
 “Animalcules” =
unicellular organisms,
bacteria?
History of Cell Discoveries
1838-9: Schleiden and
Schwann
 Schleiden - plant parts
are made of cells
 Schwann - animal parts
are made of cells
CELL THEORY
1.
2.
3.
Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in all living things
All living things are made of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
How do we study cells?
Light Microscope
 Electron Microscope

15
Light Microscopes (LM)




Passes visible light through a specimen
Can study living cells
Can magnify only about 1,000 times
Can resolve objects as small as 2 m
Light Microscope Pictures
Electron Microscope (EM)
Greater magnification than LM
 Uses a beam of electrons rather than light
 Has much greater resolution than LM (2
nm)
 Can magnify up to 100,000 times
 Cannot be used with living specimens

Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM)

Studies detailed architecture of cell
surfaces
POLLEN
SEM Pictures
FISH GILLS
BLOOD CELLS
Transmission Electron Microscope
(TEM)

Details of internal cell structure
TEM Pictures
NEURON
MELANOCYTE
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
E. coli
400X
2m = 0.002 mm
BACTERIA
BACTERIA
E. coli
Electron microscope
ANIMAL CELL
HUMAN CHEEK CELL
Homo sapiens
400X
60m = 0.06 mm
ANIMAL CELL
HUMAN CHEEK CELL
Homo sapiens
600X
PLANT CELL
Estimate size?
50 - 150 m =
0.05 - 0.15 mm
ELODEA LEAF CELLS
Elodea canadensis
400X
PLANT CELL
ELODEA LEAF CELLS
Elodea canadensis
600X
Cell Types
Which two types of cells are more similar?
 Which type is more different?

29
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes
 Little
internal organization
 Much smaller than
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes
 DNA
contained in
nucleus
 Membrane bound
Figure
organelles - internal
compartments for
special functions
5.2
Origin of Eukaryotes
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
 Large cells engulfed
smaller cells, but didn’t
digest them
Origin of Eukaryotes
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
 Large cells engulfed
smaller cells, but didn’t
digest them
MEMBRANE INFOLDING
 Cells folded membrane
in from outside of cell to
increase surface area
Cell Size
34
Cell Size


Most cells are
microscopic
Some aren’t.
Cells Vary in Size

Minimum size = total
size of all the
molecules required
for cellular activity
Cell Size


Minimum size = total
size of all the
molecules required
for cellular activity
Maximum is limited by
the need for sufficient
surface area to carry
out functions
Surface area to Volume Ratio

A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area
to volume than a large cell of the same shape
Surface area to Volume Ratio

The microscopic size of most cells
ensures a sufficient surface area across
which nutrients and wastes can move to
service the cell
Surface area to Volume Ratio

Microvilli in the small
intestine
40
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Functions performed by an
organism
Functions performed by an
organism
Prokaryotes
Unicellular
 The cell must perform
ALL functions
 Unspecialized

Eukaryotes
Unicellular
 Multicellular
 Cells can be
specialized to perform
one function
 Cells interact together

Biological Hierarchy






Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Parts of the Cell

Cell ORGANELLES:
Parts of the cell that
perform a specialized
function just like an
organ in the body
Function #1: Keeping your insides
inside
CELL MEMBRANE
 PROKARYOTES
 EUKARYOTES
Function 1b: Food, Waste, Gas
Exchange
CELL MEMBRANE
 Controls
what
enters and leaves
the cell
Function #2: Passing on your
traits
GENETIC MATERIAL DNA
Function #2: Passing on your
traits
GENETIC MATERIAL DNA
 PROKARYOTES
 Circular
 Small
Function #2: Passing on your
traits
GENETIC MATERIAL - DNA
 PROKARYOTES
 Circular
 Small

EUKARYOTES
 Linear
 Large
 Enclosed
in Nucleus
Function #3: Making Proteins
FUNCTIONS
• Structures
–
•
EX: red blood cells
contain hemoglobin
protein that carries
oxygen
Enzymes
–
EX: lactase digests
lactose sugar
Function #3: Making Proteins
PROKARYOTES:
 DNA contains
instructions to make
proteins
 Ribosomes assemble
proteins
Function #3: Making Proteins
EUKARYOTES
 Contains different
organelles involved in
protein synthesis
Function #3: Making Proteins
1.
NUCLEUS

Only Eukaryotes
 Contains DNA
Function #3: Making Proteins
1.
NUCLEUS

Surrounded by
“nuclear envelope”
(membrane made of
phospholipids)
 Membrane contains
“nuclear pores” that
allow things in and out
Function #3: Making Proteins
2. RIBOSOMES

All cells
 Assemble amino
acids to make a
protein using the
information from the
nucleus
Function #3: Making Proteins
2a. FREE
RIBOSOMES

Floating in cytoplasm
 Make proteins that will
be used in cytoplasm
(hemoglobin)
Function #3: Making Proteins
2b. ATTACHED
RIBOSOMES

Attached to
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Make proteins that will
be transported out of
the cell
Function #3: Making Proteins
3a. ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

Only Eukaryotes
 Site of protein
manufacturing and
transport
 Made of membrane
Function #3: Making Proteins
3b. SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

Synthesis of lipids to
make vesicles
(membrane sacks)
that transport proteins
to other organelles
 Detoxification of drugs
and poisons
 Made of membrane
Function #3: Making Proteins
4.
GOLGI APPARATUS

Only Eukaryotes
 Sorts and tags proteins,
then packages them in
vesicles for transport to
final destination
 Made of membrane
 Animation: Cain Ch 5
05
End-Product = Protein
(EX: Hemoglobin)

Used inside red
blood cells
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Which organelles
involved in the
eukaryotic process
of protein synthesis
are MISSING from
prokaryotes?
Function #4: Getting rid of waste /
recycling
PROKARYOTES
 Why did the surface
area to volume ratio
have to be small?
 Cell Membrane
Function #4: Getting rid of waste /
recycling
5.
LYSOSOME

Only Eukaryotes
 Contain enzymes
that break down
macromolecules
 Made of
membrane (stuff
shipped in
vesicles)
Function #5: Storing Extra Stuff
6. VACUOLE
PLANTS – 1 large
vacuole
 Stores extra water
and nutrients

Function #5: Storing Extra Stuff
6. VACUOLE
ANIMALS –
several smaller
vacuoles
 Stores mostly
nutrients

Function #6: Moving
PROKARYOTES
 Flagella
Function #6: Moving
EUKARYOTES
 Flagella
 Cilia
 Pseudopods
Function #6: Moving
8.
CILIA

Small hairs
Function #6: Moving
8.
CILIA

Small hairs
9. FLAGELLA

Whiplike tails
Function #6: Moving

Made of
MICROTUBULES
Function #6b: Movement WITHIN
the cell
7.
CYTOSKELETON

All cells
 Made of different
types of protein
(recall how
proteins are
produced)
Function #6b: Movement WITHIN
the cell
7a.MICROTUBULES

Shape of cell
 Position organelles
 Vesicle guides
Function #6b: Movement WITHIN
the cell
7a.MICROTUBULES

Shape of cell
 Position organelles
 Vesicle guides
Function #6b: Movement WITHIN
the cell
7b. INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENTS

Structural
reinforcement
Function #6b: Movement WITHIN
the cell
7b. INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENTS

Structural
reinforcement
 Flagella / cilia
All of these processes require…
Function #7: Making Energy
10. CHLOROPLAST
 Plants
only
 Captures energy from
sunlight and stores it
as chemical energy in
sugar (Photosynthesis
 Chlorophyll = green
pigment that captures
energy
 Some bacteria can do
photosynthesis
Function #7: Making Energy
11. MITOCHONDRIA
–
Only Eukaryotes
– Transform energy
stored in sugar into
ATP
Function #7: Making Energy
PROKARYOTES
 Some can perform
photosynthesis
 All can perform
cellular respiration
 Lack chloroplasts
and mitochondria
Function #8: Protection, Support
13. CELL WALL
 Plants
and Bacteria
 Support and
protection for cell
Inside an Animal Cell
88
Inside a Plant Cell
89
Cell Parts Activity
1.
2.
3.
Label the parts of the animal and plant
cell.
Identify which is which (and how you can
tell)
Fill in the table with functions of cell parts
and analogies (CELL PART is like a
WHATEVER because …)