Lecture 2
THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive Development, Psychosocial
Development and Moral Development
Purpose
Understanding of the students’
development on the Physical，
cognition , and social-emotional
development
Main Contents
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Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development
VYGOTSKY’s View of Cognitive
Development
Erikson’s view of personal and social
development
Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Reasoning
Part 1
Issues of Development
Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development
A Definition of Development
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Creative Thinking (get into groups)
Think about terms of Changing
and Development.
As human beings, what kinds of
changing you can see and what you
can’t see?
Are they all means the
development during the lifetime?
1.understanding:
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The term DEVELOPMENT in its most
general psychological sense refers to
certain changes that occur in human beings
between conception and death.
The term is not applied to all changes,
but rather to those that appear in orderly
way and remain for a reasonably long
period of time.
2 kinds of develpment
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Physical development, deal with the
changes in the body;
Personal development, means the changes
in an individual’s personality;
Social development refers to changes in
the way an individual relates to others;
Cognitive development refers to changes
in thinking
General Principles of Development
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People develop at different rates.
Development is relatively orderly.
Development takes place gradually.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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Brief Introduction
Some very important concepts in his
cognitive theory
How Cognitive Development Occurs
Four stages of Cognitive development
Educational Implications of Piaget’s Theory
Brief Introduction
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Jean Piaget, born in Switzerland in 1896, is
the most influential developmental
psychologist in the history of psychology
important concepts
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SCHEMES（图式）
ASSIMILATION（同化 ）
ACCOMMODATION（顺应）
EQUILIBRATION(平衡)
How Cognitive Development Occurs?
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Cognitive Development is gradual，orderly,
changes by which mental process become more
complex and sophisticated.
The essential development of cognition is the
establishment of new schemes.
Assimilation and accommodation are both
processing of the ways of cognitive development.
The equilibration is the symbol of a new stage of
the cognitive development.
Stages of Cognitive development
Remember:
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Piaget divided the cognitive development of
children and adolescents into four stages:
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, and formal operational.
All children pass through these stages in
this order and that no child can skip a stage
Different children may pass through the
stages at some what different rates
Stage 1 sensorimotor(0-2)
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Reflexes
Object permanence
Object permanence
Object permanence
Lock of understanding of the principles
of conservation
Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-7)
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Lock of understanding of the principles of
conservation
Irreversible (不可逆的)Thinking
Ego centric（自我中心的） Thinking
Some Piagetian Conservation Tasks
Stage 3 Concrete Operational (7-11)
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Acquire the concept of reversibility.
Respond to inferred(推理的)reality
Seriation
Classification
Objective Thinking(客观化思维)
Respond to inferred reality
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Flavell (1986) demonstrated this concept by
showing children a red car and then, while
they were still watching, covering it with a
filter that made it appear black. When asked
what color the car was, 3-year-olds
responded "black," and 6-year-olds
responded "red." The older, concrete
operational child is able to respond to
inferred reality, seeing things in the context
of other meanings; preschoolers see what
they see, with little ability to infer the
meaning behind what they see.
Seriation
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(P37-3)lining up sticks from smallest to
largest.
transitivity
Classification
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Classification depends on a student's abilities
to focus on a single characteristic of objects in
a set and group the objects according to that
characteristic
Given 12 objects of assorted (混合的)colors
and shapes, the concrete-operational student
can invariably pick out the ones that are round.
Stage 4 Formal Operational (11 - adulthood)
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Children's thinking begins to develop into the
form that is characteristic of adults
Hypothetical conditions
the ability to reason about situations and
conditions that have not been experienced.
Four stages of Cognitive development
Creative Thinking:
(Working in groups:)
How can we put the Piaget’s theory into our
educational practice?
5. Educational Implications of Piaget’s Theory
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Page 43
Understanding Students' Thinking
Matching Strategies to Abilities
Constructing Knowledge
Part 2
Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development
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Brief Introduction
Key ideas (Social-cultural theory )
Difference to Piaget’s view
Application in Education
Brief Introduction
Vygotsky was a Russian
psychologist who, though a
contemporary of Piaget, died in 1934,
only 38 when he died of tuberculosis,
but he had produced over 100 books
and articles……
Key ideas (Social-cultural theory )
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he proposed that intellectual development can be
understood only in terms of the historical and cultural
contexts children experience
In contrast to Piaget, Vygotaky proposed that
cognitive development is strongly linked to input from
others.
he believed that development depends on the sign
systems that individuals grow up with
ZPD (THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT )
SCAFFOLDING
For example
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A six-year-old has lost a toy and asks
her father for help. The father asks her
where she last saw the toy; the child
says : “I can't remember." He asks a
series of questions: Did you have it in
your room? Outside? Next door? To
each question, the child answers, no.'
When he says "in the car?" she says "1
think so" and goes to retrieve the toy.
Difference to Piaget’s
view
Creative Thinking:
What are the differences
between Piagtet’s and Vygotsky’s
theores of Egocentric and Private
Speech?
Application in Education
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Brainstorming:
How to put V’s theory in Educational
Practice?
Application in Education
zone of proximal development
scaffolding
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Self Learning
Part 3 How Did Erikson View Personal
and Social Development?
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the basic ideas of Erikson’s Personal
and Social Development
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The stages of Personal and Social
Development
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Implications of Erikson’s theory
the basic ideas of Erikson’s Personal
and Social Development
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Erikson’s hypothesized that people pass eight
psychological stage in their lifetime.
At each stage, there are crises or critical
issues to be resolved.
Most people resolve each psycholoscial crisis
satisfactorily and put it behand them to take
on new challenges, some people may not
completely resolve these crises and must
continue to deal with them later in life.
The stages of Personal and Social
Development
Stage approximate ages
1
birth to 18months
2
18m to 3years
3
4
5
6
7
8
Psychological crises
Trust vis. misturst
Autonomy vs. doubt
3 to 6 years
Initiative vs. guilt
6 to 12 years
Industry vs. inferiority
12 to 18 years
Identity vs. role confusion
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle adulthood Generativity vs. self-absorption
Late adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Self Learning
Part 4
Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Resoning
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the basic ideas of Kohlberg’s
stages of Moral Resoning
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The stages of Moral Resoning
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Implications of Kohlberg’s theory
The end of Lecture 2