Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Sleep and Dreams
Section 2: Hypnosis, Biofeedback,
and Meditation
Section 3: Drugs and
Consciousness
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Sleep and Dreams
Discuss the four stages of sleep
and the period of dreaming.
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Hypnosis, Biofeedback,
and Meditation
Understand that hypnosis,
biofeedback, and meditation are
altered states of consciousness that
can occur while we are awake.
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Drugs and Consciousness
Describe psychoactive drugs and how
they interact with the central nervous
system to alter consciousness.
Main Idea
Sleep—an essential state of
consciousness—involves four stages and a
period of dreaming.
Vocabulary
• consciousness
• nightmares
• REM sleep
• night terrors
• circadian rhythm
• sleepwalking
• insomnia
• sleep apnea
• narcolepsy
Objectives
• Describe the research related to sleep and
dreams.
• List and discuss sleep disorders.
How many hours do you usually
sleep at night?
A. 4 hours or less
B. 5–6 hours
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
C
0%
D
C
D. More than 8
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
C. 7–8 hours
Sleep and Dreams
• Consciousness is a state of awareness.
• Consciousness can range from alertness
to nonalertness.
Freud’s Levels of
Consciousness
Why Do We Sleep?
• Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness
to the environment and usually limited
physical mobility.
Why Do We Sleep? (cont.)
• Theories:
– It’s a restorative process
– Primitive hibernation: we sleep to conserve
energy.
– An adaptive process: sleep kept humans
out of harm’s way at night in earlier times.
– A way to clear our minds of useless
information.
– We sleep to dream.
How many different stages of sleep
do we go through?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Stages of Sleep
• Stage I—your pulse slows, your muscles
relax, your breathing becomes uneven and
your brain waves grow irregular.
• Stage II—your brain waves shift from lowamplitude, high frequency waves to high
amplitude, low frequency waves; your eyes
roll slowly from side to side.
• Stage III—large-amplitude delta waves begin
to sweep your brain every second or so.
Stages of Sleep (cont.)
• Stage IV—large, regular delta waves
occurring more than 50% of the time indicate
this level; talking out loud, bedwetting,
sleepwalking all happen at this stage.
• REM sleep—a stage of sleep characterized
by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain
activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and
dreaming.
Stages of Sleep (cont.)
• Every 90 minutes or so you shift between
Stage IV sleep and REM sleep (the length
of REM sleep increases each time).
Patterns of Sleep
What percentage of time sleeping
does a person stay in REM sleep?
A. 25
B. 50
0%
D
A
0%
A
B
0%
C
D
C
D. 100
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
C. 75
How Much Sleep?
• Human spend approximately one-third of
their lives in sleep.
• The amount of sleep someone needs
varies, but it does appear that everyone
sleeps and that both REM and NREM
sleep are important for normal functioning.
How Much Sleep? (cont.)
• Circadian rhythm—a biological clock that
is genetically programmed to regulate
physiological responses within a time
period of approximately 24.18 hours.
• These rhythms operate even when normal
day and night cues are removed.
Approximately what percentage of a
lifetime do humans spend asleep?
A. Two-thirds
B. One-third
C. Three-fourths
D. Two-fourths
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
• Sleep apnea
• Narcolepsy
• Nightmares
• Night terrors
• Sleepwalking
What are some dangers associated
with these sleep disorders?
A. Quality of life
B. Personal health issues
C. Industrial/traffic
accidents
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Dreams
• The first few dreams of the night are
composed of vague thoughts left over from
the day.
• As the night goes on, dreams become
longer and more vivid and dramatic
(especially during REM sleep).
Dreams (cont.)
• Most dreams involve either strenuous
recreational activities or passive events.
• A large percentage of emotions
experienced in dreams are negative.
• Dreams occur in real time.
Dreams (cont.)
• Theories of why we dream:
– Many people, such as Freud, believe that dreams
contain hidden meaning.
– The Inuits believe that dreaming is a way to
interact with the spiritual world.
– Some social scientists believe that dreams serve
no function.
– One dream researcher believes that dreams help
us solve problems.
– One theorist believes that dreams are the brain’s
way of removing certain unneeded memories.
Dreams (cont.)
• Daydreaming requires a low level of
awareness and involves fantasizing, or idle
but directed thinking, while we are awake.
Dreams (cont.)
• The purpose of daydreaming:
– Reminding us of, or preparing us for,
future events.
– It may improve our creativity by
generating thought processes.
– It may allow us to control our emotions.
Do you agree with Freud in that dream
interpretation is valid?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not really
D. Not at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are
altered states of consciousness that can
occur when we are awake.
Vocabulary
• hypnosis
• posthypnotic suggestion
• biofeedback
• meditation
Objectives
• Determine how hypnosis relates to
consciousness.
• Describe research into such techniques as
biofeedback and meditation.
Which of the following uses of hypnosis
do you believe would be the most
effective?
A. Quit smoking
B. Lose weight
C. Manage stress
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
What is hypnosis?
• Hypnosis is a state of consciousness
resulting from a narrowed focus of attention
and characterized by heightened
suggestibility.
• Mutual trust between the hypnotist and the
participant is important.
Franz Anton Mesmer
What is hypnosis? (cont.)
• Theories about hypnosis:
– Theodore Barber believes that hypnosis
is not a special state of consciousness
but simply the result of suggestibility.
– Neodissociation theory—Ernest Hilgard
believes that consciousness includes
many different aspects that may become
separated, or dissociated, during
hypnosis.
What is hypnosis? (cont.)
– “Hidden observer”—a portion of the
personality that watches and reports
what happens to the hypnotized person.
– Some theorists believe that hypnotized
people behave as they do because they
have accept the role of a hypnotized
subject.
What is hypnosis? (cont.)
• Hypnosis can be used for medical and
therapeutic reasons:
– Posthypnotic suggestion—a
suggestion made during hypnosis that
influences the participant’s behavior
afterward.
– Hypnotic analgesia refers to a reduction
of pain after patients have undergone
hypnosis.
What is hypnosis? (cont.)
– Therapists can also use hypnosis to help
clients reveal their problems or gain
insight into their lives.
In relation to hypnosis, who do you
most agree with?
A. Theodore Barber
B. Ernest Hilgard
C. Franz Anton Mesmer
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Biofeedback
• Biofeedback—the process of learning to
control bodily states with the help of
machines that monitor the states to be
controlled.
• Biofeedback has been used to teach
people to control a wide variety of
physiological responses.
Biofeedback is used to teach people
to control a wide variety of what?
A. Brain waves (EEG)
B. Heart rate
C. Blood pressure
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Meditation
• Meditation involves the focusing of
attention to clear one’s mind and produce
relaxation.
Meditation (cont.)
• Three major approaches:
– Transcendental meditation involves the
mental repetition of a mantra, usually a
Sanskrit phrase.
– Mindfulness meditation focuses on the
present moment.
– Breath meditation is concentrating on
one’s respiration—the process of
inhaling and exhaling.
Which type of meditation focuses on
the present moment?
A. Transcendental
B. Mindfulness
C. Breath
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C
B
0%
C
Main Idea
Psychoactive drugs interact with the central
nervous system to alter consciousness.
Vocabulary
• psychoactive drugs
• marijuana
• hallucinations
• hallucinogens
• LSD
Objectives
• Describe the effects drugs have on
consciousness.
• Define drug abuse.
How Drugs Work
• Psychoactive drug
• Drug molecules act like neurotransmitters
and hook onto the dendrites of neurons
and send out their own chemical
messages.
Some Psychoactive
Drugs
Marijuana
• The active ingredient in marijuana is
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which occurs
naturally in the common weed Cannabis
Sativa.
• The effects of the drug vary somewhat
from person to person, the setting in which
the drug is taken, and the user’s past
experience.
Marijuana (cont.)
• Negative effects:
– It might be more damaging to the lungs
than cigarette use (it may cause lung
cancer).
– It disrupts memory formation.
– Long-term use can lead to dependence.
– Adults using marijuana scored lower
than equal-IQ nonusers on tests.
Do you agree or disagree with the
following statement: Marijuana can be
psychologically addictive?
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree
C. Neither agree
or disagree
D. Disagree
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C
0%C. 0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Hallucinations
• Hallucinations are perceptions that have
no direct external cause.
Hallucinations (cont.)
• The following may cause hallucinations:
– Hypnosis
– Dreaming
– Meditation
– Lack of sleep
– Drugs
– Periods of high
emotion and
concentration
– Withdrawal from
a drug
– A psychological
breakdown
– Daydreams
Hallucinations (cont.)
• Hallucinations may occur when portions of
the brain that respond to incoming stimuli
become disorganized while the entire
central nervous system is aroused.
Can all hallucinations be predicted or
avoided?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%C. 0%
C
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens, or psychedelics, are
drugs that often produce hallucinations.
• LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of
the most powerful drugs known.
Hallucinogens (cont.)
• Some of the effects:
– Perceptual hallucinations
– Dissociation with self
– Distortion of time
– Panic attacks
What is the most common unpleasant
side affect of LSD?
A. Panic attacks
B. Acne
C. Blindness
D. Diabetes
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Opiates
• Opiates are also called narcotics, and
include opium, morphine, and heroin.
• They are physically addictive and improper
use can result in death.
Opiates (cont.)
• Effects:
– Analgesia
– Euphoria
– Constipation
Which of the following are included in
narcotics category?
A. Opium
B. Alcohol
C. LSD
D. None of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Alcohol
• This is the most widely used and abused
mind-altering substance in the United
States.
• It is a depressant that serves to inhibit the
brain’s normal functions.
Alcohol (cont.)
• Effects:
– Loss of social restraint or self-control
– Slurred speech
– Blurred vision
– Impaired judgment and memory
– Permanent brain and liver damage
Have you felt peer pressure, or an
expectation, to use alcohol?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. None at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Drug Abuse and Treatment
• Drug abusers are people who regularly
use illegal drugs or excessively use legal
drugs.
Drug Abuse and Treatment (cont.)
• Reasons for use:
– Boredom
– To fit in with peers
– To gain self confidence
– To forget about problems
– To relax/feel good
Drug Abuse and Treatment (cont.)
• Risks:
– Danger of death or injury
– Damage to health
– Legal consequences
– Destructive behavior
Drug Abuse and Treatment (cont.)
• Treatment for drug abuse involves these
steps:
– The abuser must admit that he or she
has a problem.
– He or she must enter a treatment
program and/or get therapy.
– He or she must remain drug free.
What are some other risks associated
with drug use?
A. An overwhelming
and compulsive
desire to obtain
and use drugs
B. Addiction
C. Loss of control
D. All of the above
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0% C.0%C
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Freud’s Levels of Consciousness
Sigmund Freud identified three levels of consciousness. In his approach to
consciousness, he claimed that preconscious ideas are not in your awareness now,
but you are able to recall them with some effort. Unconscious ideas are hidden and
unretrievable.
Patterns of Sleep
The top diagram shows the
passage of a sleeper through
the various stages of sleep
over a seven-hour period. The
bottom diagram shows the
patterns of electrical activity
(EEGs) in the brain that
correspond to the various
stages of sleep. The EEG
pattern shown for being awake
is one that occurs when a
person is resting quietly with
eyes closed.
Some Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive drugs influence how we sense and perceive things and modify our
moods, feelings, emotions, and thoughts.
Franz Anton Mesmer
1734–1815
“Truth is nothing but a
path traced between
errors.”
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
Brain Waves During Sleep
Select a transparency to view.
consciousness: a state of awareness,
including a person’s feelings, sensations,
ideas, and perceptions
REM sleep: a stage if sleep characterized
by rapid eye movements, a high level of
brain activity, a deep relaxation of the
muscles, and dreaming
circadian rhythm: the rhythm of activity
and inactivity lasting approximately one
day
insomnia: the failure to get enough
sleep at night in order to fell rested the
next day
sleep apnea: a sleep disorder in which a
person has trouble breathing while
asleep
narcolepsy: a condition characterized
by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very
sleepy during the day
nightmares: unpleasant dreams
night terrors: sleep disruptions that
occur during Stage IV of sleep, involving
screaming, panic or confusion
sleepwalking: walking or carrying out
behavior while asleep
hypnosis: a state of consciousness
resulting from a narrowed focus of
attention and characterized by
heightened suggestibility
posthypnotic suggestion: a suggestion
made during hypnosis that influenced the
participant’s behavior afterward
biofeedback: the process of learning to
control bodily states with the help of
machines monitoring the states to be
controlled
meditation: the focusing of attention to
clear one’s mind and produce relaxation
psychoactive drugs: chemicals that
affect the nervous system and result in
altered consciousness
marijuana: the dried leaves and flowers
of Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) that
product an altered state of
consciousness when smoked or ingested
hallucinations: perceptions that have no
direct external cause
hallucinogens: drugs that often produce
hallucinations
LSD: a potent psychedelic drug that
produces distortions of perception and
thought
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