1. Culture: learned habits/behaviors shared by members of a
community
2. Author: Conrad Phillip Kottack
3. Cherokee, Navajo, Cades Cove
4. Cultural: study of human society and culture, it describes,
analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities
and differences
Archaeological: reconstructs, describes, and interprets human
behavior and cultural patterns through remains
Biological or Physical: human biological diversity in time and
space
Linguistics: studies language in its social and cultural context
5. Ethnography: provides an account for a particular community,
society, or culture
6. Ethnology: examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the
results of ethnography
7. Biological
8. Applied anthropology: The application of anthropological data,
perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve
contemporary social problems
9. Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief,
arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.”- Tylor
10. Edward Tylor: British anthropologist, who proposed that
cultures, systems of human behavior and thought, obey natural
laws and therefore can be studied scientifically
11. Levels of culture: National culture- embodies those beliefs,
learned behavior patterns, etc. of the nation International cultureextends beyond national boundaries, caused by diffusion from
one culture to another Subcultures- different symbol-based
patterns and traditions associated with particular groups in the
same complex society
12. Ethnocentrism: the tendency to view ones own culture as
superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the
behavior and beliefs of other cultures
13. Cultural Relativism: the viewpoint that behavior in one culture
should not be judged by the standards of another culture
14. Globalization: the accelerating interdependence of nations in a
world system linked economically and through mass media and
modern transportation systems
15. Margaret Mead: helped Americans appreciate the relevance of
anthropology to understanding their daily lives
16. Sociology vs. Anthropology: the kinds of societies they studied
(sociologists: the West, Anth: the nonindustrial societies)
sociologists focus on questionnaires and other means to get
information
17. Participant-observation: Taking part in community life as they
study it
18. Emic vs etic: emic approach investigates how local people think,
an etic approach shifts the focus from local investigations,
categories, and explanations to those of an anthropologist
19. Bronislaw Malinowski: a polish anthropologist who is considered
the founder of ethnography
20. Arbitrary: learned associations between words and things they
stand for, language allows us to discuss our past and future, share
our experiences, and benefit them
21. Descriptive linguistics (4 areas): phonology- the study of speech
sounds, Morphology- the forms in which sounds combine to form
morphemes (words and their meaningful parts, Lexicon- a
dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings,
Syntax: arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences
22. Phonetics: the study of speech sound in general
23. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: theory that different languages produce
different ways of thinking
24. Semantics: refers to the language’s meaning system
25. Dialect: a particular form of a language that belongs to a specific
group or region
26. Adaptive strategy: the society’s system of economic production
27. Five adaptive strategies: Foraging, horticulture (use simple tools
such as hoes and rakes), Agriculture, Pastoralism, industrialism
28. Economy: a system of production, distribution, and consumption
of resources
29. Economics: the study of such systems
30. Potlatch: a festive event within a regional exchange system
among tribes of the North Pacific coast of North America , linked
away things in exchange for prestige
31. Kula Ring: ceremonial exchange system
32. Elman Service’s 4 types of political organization: band (small kinbased group), tribe (live in villages and organized kin groups
based on common dissent), chiefdom (form of sociopolitical
organization intermediate between the tribe and state), and state
(based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic
stratification)
33. Famous foraging group in the Congo: the pygmies
34. Ascribed vs achieved status: ascribed- people have little to no
choice about occupying them (ex. Nobility), achieved- based on
choices, actions, efforts, or circumstances
35. Age grades: groups based on ages in tribes where they work their
way up
36. Three dimensions of social stratification: 1. Economic status or
wealth 2. Power, the ability to exercise will over another 3.
Prestige (respect, esteem, etc.)
37. Nuclear family: impermanent, it only lasts as long as the parents
and children stay together
38. Family: a group of people who are considered to be relate in
some way (by blood or marriage)
39. Patrilocal: customary residence with the husband’s family after
marriage Matrilocal: residence with wife’s family after marriage
neolocal: couple establishes new home of residence away from
families
40. Extended family: expanded household including three or more
generations
41. Lineages and clans: unilineal descent group based on
demonstrated descent. Unilineal descent based on stipulated
descent
42. Plural marriages: marriage of a man to two or more women or
vice versa
43. Exogamy vs. endogamy: exogamy- mating or marriage outside
one’s kin group, endogamy- marriage between people of the same
social people
44. Bridewealth vs dowry: bridewealth- customary gift before, at, or
after marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her
kin, dowry- marital exchange in which the wife’s group provides
substantial gifts to the husband’s family
45. Serial monogamy: individuals may have one or more spouse, but
never, legally, more than one at a time polygamy: the practice of
having more than one husband or wife at a time polygyny: a man
has more than one wife
46. Ethnic group: share certain beliefs, values, habits, and norms
based on common background
47. Hispanic: a category based mainly on language
48. Race: ethnic group is assumed to have biological basis racism:
discrimination against racial groups racial classification: attempt
to assign humans to discrete categories based on common
ancestry
49. Phenotype: an organism’s evident traits, anatomy and physiology
50. Multiculturalism: the view of cultural diversity in a country as
something good and desirable
51. Melting Pot: a place where people of different ethnicities,
languages, and backgrounds live together
52. Prejudice: devaluing a group because of its assumed values,
capabilities, or attributes Stereotypes: fixed ideas about a group of
people discrimination: policies and practices that harm a group
and its members
53. Applied anthropology: the use of anthropological data,
perspectives, theories, and methods to identify, assess, and solve
contemporary problems
54. Bronislaw Malinowski: proposed practical anthropology should
focus on Westernization in tribal lands
55. Developmental anthropology: the branch of applied
anthropology that focuses on social issues in and the cultural
dimensions of economic development
56. Overinnovation: too much change, ones that may interfere with
customary subsistence pursuits
57. Underdifferentiation: planning fallacy viewing less developed
countries as an undifferentiated group, ignoring cultural diversity
and taking a uniform approach
58. Urban Anthropology: the anthropological study of life in and
around world cities including urban social problems, differences
between urban and other environments and adaption to city life
59. Globalization: the accelerating interdependence of nations in a
world system linked economically and through mass media and
modern transportation systems
60. World population is expected to rise by 70% by 2050
61. MDC and LDC: More developed country (76% urbanized) and
less developed country (39% urbanized)
62. Rural urban continuum: explained differences in values and
beliefs in different places in the continuum
63. Disease- theory systems: personalistic (blames illness on
sorceresrs, witches, etc.), naturalistic (impersonal items: no
malice toward victim), and emotionalistic (emotional experiences
cause illness)
64. How are health care systems related to culture? It is based on
their beliefs of what caused the illness
65. Shaman: cures soul life by enticing the spirit back into the body
66. Scientific Medicine: a health care system based on scientific
knowledge and procedures encompassing such fields as
pathology, surgery, etc
67. Systemic connectedness: the relentless and ongoing growth of
the world system
68. Multinational corporations: do a third of global output and 2/3 of
world trade, increasingly influence national policy and make
alliances with politicians that deal with world trade
69. Cultural Ecology: how cultural beliefs and practices helped
human populations adapt to their environments and how people
used elements of their culture to maintain ecosystems
70. Ethnoecology: a society’s set of environmental practices and
perceptions- the cultural model of the environment and its
relation to people and society
71. Acculturation vs diffusion: acculturation- exchange of cultural
features that results when groups come into continuous first-hand
contact, diffusion: borrowing between cultures either directly or
through intermediaries
72. Diasporas: the offspring of an area who have spread to many
lands
73. Postmodern: describes the blurring and breakdown of
established canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries
74. Essentialism: process of viewing an identity as established, real,
and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics
within which that identity developed.