INSTRUCTOR: DR. RYAN LAMBERT-BELLACOV, D.C.
Overview of the course
Syllabus
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Second Edition
Donald Rizzo
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Copyright © 2006 Delmar
The Human Body – An Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure and
shape of the body and its parts
• Physiology – study of how the body and
its parts work or function
[characteristics and mechanisms that
make it a living being.]
Slide 1.1
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
Slide 1.2a
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
Slide 1.2b
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Slide 1.3
How to study Anatomy!



Regional – all structures in one part of the
body (such as the abdomen or leg)
– gross anatomy of the body studied by
system (most common and the way we will
approach this class)
Surface – study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary/Skin
• Forms the external body
covering providing
protection
• Composed of the skin, sweat
glands, oil glands, hair, and
nails
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nerve
receptors
Figure 1.2a
Slide 1.4
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
Slide 1.5
Organ System Overview
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
Slide 1.6
Organ System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Figure 1.2d
Slide 1.7
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.8
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Figure 1.2f
Slide 1.9
Organ System Overview
• *
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Slide 1.10
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.11
Organ System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.12
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
Slide 1.13
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.14
The Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Slide 1.21
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Slide 1.22
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
Slide 1.23
Body Landmarks
• Anterior
Figure 1.5a
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.24
Body Landmarks
• Posterior
Figure 1.5b
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.25
Body Planes
Figure 1.6
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.26
Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
Slide 1.27
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Slide 1.15
Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Slide 1.16a
Necessary Life Functions
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
Slide 1.16b
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.17a
Survival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.17b
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = a dynamic state of
equilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
normal body functioning and to sustain
life
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance
in homeostasis resulting in disease
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.18
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systems
• Receptor
• Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
• Sends information to control center
Slide 1.19a
Maintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.19b
Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
Slide 1.20a
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive Feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the variable
farther
• In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child
birth
Performance Objectives
continued
• Describe the levels of organization of the body
and give major characteristics of each level.
• List the organ systems.
• Define homeostasis and explain why it is
important.
• Describe the negative-feedback system and the
positive-feedback system and their relationship
to homeostasis.
Performance Objectives
continued
• Name and describe the three major planes of
the body or organ.
• Hint: Begin to study material now!
• Get help soon – if you need it! We want you
to be successful!