Genghis Khan
and Mongol
Eurasian
Integration
DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION
Which of the following is an accurate
characterization of both the Incan and
Yuan dynasties?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Both civilizations developed strict social class
hierarchies, in which upward mobility was
difficult
Peasant uprisings were responsible for the
establishment of both civilizations
Both the Yuan and the Inca depended on
trade as their primary economic activity
Both civilizations flourished under control of
outside invaders.
DO NOW: AP M.C. QUESTION
The Mongol Empire was divided into
four Khanates, which governed all of
the following lands except
Russia
b) Persia
c) Japan
d) Ukriane
a)
QUICK WRITE:
What would you argue are the
two strongest impacts or most
lasting legacies of Mongol rule?
Nomadic Peoples
Nomadic economy and society
Organized into clans with related languages
Central Asia’s steppes: good for grazing, little
rain, few rivers
Nomads and their animals; few settlements
Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles
Lived mostly on animal products
Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery,
leather goods, iron
Nomadic Peoples and Their
Animals
Sheep
Goats
Horses
Mare’s milk
Flock survival
Nomadic Peoples and Their
Housing and Clothing
Gers/Yurts
Robes - dei
Caravan Trade Interaction
Nomads and settled peoples sought
trade, were prominent on caravan
routes
Nomadic Class System
Fluidity of classes in nomadic society
Two social classes; nobles and
commoners
Autonomous clans and tribes
Religion
Shamans
Buddhism
Nestorian Christianity
By the tenth century
… Islam
Religion of Genghis Khan
Military Organization
Khan – “RULER”
Organized vast confederation of
individual tribes for expansion
Outstanding cavalry forces
Formidable military power
The Mongol Empires
Genghis Khan and the making of the
Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan unified Mongol tribes
through alliances and conquests
Why was unification necessary?
Tribal group v. Mongol identity
Khan’s personal mission
Trade disruption
Ecology – 1180-1220
Mongol Political Organization
Organized new military units and
broke up tribal affiliations
Units based on ten…100…1000…
Leaders had close relationship with
Genghis
Chose high officials based on talent
and loyalty
Established capital at Karakorum
Mongol Strategy
Horsemanship
Archers
Mobility
Psychological warfare
Feigned withdrawal
Mongol Siege Warfare:
Mongol Siege Warfare:
Mongol Conquest of Northern
China
Genghis Khan, Mongols raided the
Jurchen in north China beginning in
1211
Controlled north China by 1220
South China was still ruled by Song
dynasty
Mongol Conquest of Persia
Genghis Khan tried to open trade and
diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader
Khwarazm shah, the ruler of Persia in
1218
Upon being rejected, Genghis Khan
led force to pursue Khwarazm
Mongol forces destroyed Persian
cities
Death of Genghis Khan
Died in 1227 having laid foundation
for a mighty empire
Mongol Division After Genghis
Heirs Divide into Four Regional
Empires….
Kubilai Khan-China
Genghis Khan’s grandson
Consolidated Mongol rule in China
Promoted Buddhism, supported the
Daoists, Muslims, and Christians
Conquest of Southern China
Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all
of China
Song capital at Hangzhou fell in 1276
Yuan Dynasty founded in 1279
Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam,
Burma, Java, and Japan
The Golden Horde
Group of Mongols overran Russia
between 1237 and 1241
Jochi and later Batu will rule…
Batu – r.1224-1255
Further overran Poland, Hungary and
eastern Germany, 1241 – 1242
Maintained hegemony in Russia until
the mid-fifteenth century
The Ilkhanate of Persia
Khubilai’s brother, Hulegu captured
Baghdad in 1258
Mongol rule in Persia
Persians served as ministers, governors, and
local officials
Mongols cared only about taxes and order
Ilkan Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295
Massacres of Jews and Christians followed
Mongol Rule in China
1206 Temujin chosen Genghis Khan of the
Mongols
1227 Death of Genghis Khan
Mongols conquer northern China in 1234
1265 Khubilai becomes last Great Khan –
rules till death in 1294
1271 founding of the Yuan Empire
1276 - 1279 Mongol conquest of the
Southern Song
1368 Ming Empire founded
Mongols in China
1265 Khubilai becomes last Great
Khan – rules till death in 1294
By 1279 the Mongols are in control of
China
Yuan Dynasty
Short conquest – 1368 the Ming
Dynasty is founded
Mongol Khanates
Diplomatic Missions
The four Mongol empires maintained
close diplomatic communications
Khanate of Chagatai
Khanate of the Golden Horde
Khanate of the Great Khan
Ilkanate of the Great Khan
Established diplomatic relations with
Korea, Vietnam, India, Europe
Mongol Rule in China
Four Classes
Mongols
Central Asians and the Middle
Easterners
Northern Chinese
Southern Chinese
Mongol Rule in China
Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols
and Chinese
Forbade Chinese from learning the Mongol
language
Brought foreign administrators into China
and put them in charge
Tolerated all cultural and religious
traditions in China
Mongol Ruling Elite
Became enchanted with the Lamaist
(Vajrayana) Buddhism of Tibet
Universal leader concept
The Mongols and Eurasian
Integration
The Mongols and trade
Mongols worked to secure trade routes
and ensure safety of merchants
Elaborate courier network with relay
stations
Maintained good order for traveling
merchants, ambassadors, and
missionaries
Resettlement
Mongols needed skilled artisans and educated
individuals from other places
Often resettled them in different locations to provide
services
Uigher Turks served as clerks, secretaries, and
administrators
Arab and Persian Muslims also served Mongols far
from their homelands
Skilled artisans were often sent to Karakorum; became
permanent residents
Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China
Had been established by Hulegu by 1260
Ghazan – declared himself a Muslim in 1295
Decline of the Il-kanate state
In Persia, excessive spending and
overexploitation led to reduced revenues
Failure of the Il-khan’s paper money
Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership
The last ruler died without an heir; the Il-khanate
collapsed - 1349
Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
Seen as outsiders
Traditional Chinese & outside
religions
Rebellions among farmers
Paper money issued by the Mongol
rulers lost value
Power struggles, assassinations, and
civil war weakened Mongols after
1320s
Bubonic Plague
In southwest China in 1330s
Spread through Asia and Europe
Depopulation and labor shortage
undermined the Mongol regime
By 1368 the Chinese drove the Mongols
back to the steppes
Surviving Mongol Khanates
The Khanate of Chaghati continued in
central Asia
Later –
Timur / Tamerlane
The Golden Horde survived until the
mid-sixteenth century
Batu Khan
Sarai – near Volga River
Checking for Understanding:
Why is it argued by
historians that the
Mongols changed the
world, or helped to make
the world ‘modern’?
RECOVERY IN CHINA
The Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) overthrew Mongol rule and
established the Ming dynasty in 1368
Ming centralization of government revived Chinese
traditions
Reestablished Confucian educational and civil service systems
Emperor ruled China directly without the aid of chief ministers
Mandarins and eunuchs maintained absolute authority
of emperors
Mandarins represented central government to local authorities
Eunuchs could not build family fortunes
The Ming Dynasty
Map
Ming Dynasty Promoted Economic
Recovery
Repaired irrigation systems
Agricultural productivity soared
Promoted manufacture of porcelain,
silk, and cotton textiles
Trade within Asia flourished with
increased production
Cultural Revival
Actively promoted neo-Confucianism
Yongle – encyclopedia – massive
anthology of cultural traditions
The Chinese Reconnaissance
Zheng He’s expeditions
Ming emperors permitted foreigners
to trade in Quanzhou and Guangzhou
Refurbished navy and sent seven
ships into Indian Ocean
Purposes of expedition?
Largest marine crafts in the world…
The Treasure Ships
Chinese Naval Power
Visited southeast Asia, India, Ceylon,
Arabia, and east Africa
Zheng He’s voyages were diplomaticexchange of gifts and envoys
Also military – used force to impress
foreign powers – ex. coastal pirates
Voyages enhanced Chinese
reputation in the Indian Ocean basin
End of Voyages
1433
New emperor
Confucian ministers mistrusted
foreign alliances
Resources redirected to agriculture
and defense of northern borders
Technology of building ships was
forgotten, charts destroyed
Zheng He
Forbidden City
183 acres
32 feet tall wall
1406 construction begins
14 years
200,000 men
75 buildings, 9,999 rooms
Map of the Forbidden City
Hall of Supreme Harmony
Major Structure
Hall of Earthly Peace
Residence of Empress
Hall of Protective Harmony
Banquet Hall
The Ming Emperor and Empress
From the Air….