Advances in Optical Networking
Jeff Verrant
Senior Engineer
Research and Education Initiatives
Ciena Government Solutions, Inc.
Agenda
Lightwave Technologies
Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS
2
Network Solutions for Research & Education
Remote
Off-Fiber
Campus
Solutions
University
Research
University
National
Lab
Research
University
Regional
Optical
Network
National
Backbone
Connectivity
Optical Add/Drop
HPC Lab
GbE/10GbE
Storage
SONET
Metro/Regional DWDM
National
Lab
2.5G
10G
40G
Fully Automated Turnup and
Management of Optical Connections
Intelligent Optical Switching
Long Haul DWDM
3
CoreStream: Flexible Transport Platform for the Future

One Platform for all applications
eFEC, Raman, multi-stage EDFAs, pre-emphasis, and
spectrum flattening allow CoreStream to handle span
designs from 1600 - 3200km
CoreStream is approved for NDSF, NZDSF, and DSF
Transceivers for 2.5G, 10G, 40G available today
50GHz (for ~3000km) & 25GHz (up to ~2000km) channel
spacings
Rx Trace 40G+10G 16spans TW-C 28 channels
Level(dBm)
-20
28 Channels
40 Gbps
100 GHz spacing
8 Channels
10 Gbps
25 GHz spacing

Cost is reduced by installing special technologies only where
needed

25GHz systems can be used to provide high capacities as 40G
technologies become more cost effective
Data rates/channel spacing mixed at the sub-band level
-25
• Mixed rate deployment likely
• Optimize Capacity x Distance for each sub-band separately
-30
>3000 km, 80x10Gb/s NRZ @ 50 GHz
-35
2000 km, 160x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz
-40
-45
-50
1525
1535
1545
1555
Wavelength (nm)
1565
OADM
Nodes
Up to 1600 km, 40x40Gb/s CS-RZ @ 100 GHz
or 160x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz
Channel Counts
are C-Band only.
Numbers assume NDSF and 8 dB FEC
4
Demonstrated System Capability
with Raman
Fiber Type
Best mixed 40/10G
Capacity
Distance
Total Capacity
NDSF
40ch x 40G
1600km
1.60Tb/s
DSF
19ch x 40G + 24ch x 10G
1000km
1.00Tb/s
TW
32ch x 40G + 16ch x 10G
1600km
1.44Tb/s
TW-RS
40ch x 40G
1600km
1.60Tb/s
E-LEAF
32ch x 40G + 16ch x 10G
1600km
1.44Tb/s
• Capacity is for C-band propagation only
• Pure 10G capacity is 1.92 Tbps
• Distances are ~ 1200 km without Raman
5
40G Configurations
OC-768 POS
(standard CBR mapping)
OC-768/STM-256
POS
Standard
OTU3
WDM
Infrastructure
4 x 10G
Muxponder
4 x 10G
Muxponder
• Support standard OTU3 / OC-768
•Support standard 40G multiplexing
– OC-192/STM-64 (9.95328G)
– 10GbELAN (10.3125G, GFP-F
mapping)
– OTU2 (10.7G)
• Support standard OTU3 regenerator
OTU3
Regenerator
• Overrate clients??
•10GFC (10.51875G)
•OTU2-LAN (11.05G)
•OTU2-LAN (11.09G)
•OTU2-FC (11.27G)
•Proprietary Muxing ?
•Use 10G waves only ?
6
Development Issues
What is the 40G line rate?
40G POS client only requires standard OTU3 (43.018G line rate)
10G multiplexing creates possibly many different 40G line rates
depending on solution (as high as 45.270G)
Non-standard, overrate, muxing will result in proprietary solutions,
interop problems, and ASIC availability issues
Due to limited optical reach an OTU3 to OTU3 regenerator will
probably be required
Ideally about 1600km reach w/o Raman.
New transceivers utilizing 50 / 100GHz DPSK modulation
Overrate solutions increase line rate and reduce reach
7
Beyond 40G ??
100G standards effort just beginning. IEEE Call of Interest this
month.
Expect target 2010 100G standard, at a minimum.
Proprietary Solution.
Bonded Nx10G, Nx40G.
Economics.
80G / 100G client.
Currently “ PAIN “ customers club.
COG’s and market price are premium.
8
Agenda
Lightwave Technologies
Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS
9
How is OTN Deployed?
OTN is the common optical backbone network of the future.
OTN can provide transparent SONET/SDH services to end users who require
section overhead bytes like DCC.
OTN maps all services into a common set of wavelengths – simplifying
everything from monitoring and deployment to sparing and capacity
management.
GbE
OCn/STMn
FC
OTU-N
SDI
ISC
10
OTN and the OSI Stack
The diagram on this page shows the OSI stack modified to show
the OTN layers
The Service layer represents the end user service, it can be GbE,
SONET, SDH, FC, or any other protocol.
Service
GFP
For asynchronous services such as ESCON, GbE or FC the
service is passed through a GFP mapper
OPVC
The OPVC or Optical channel Payload Virtual Container handles
mapping the service into a uniform format. The OPVC is the only
layer that needs to change to support a new service type.
OPTU
The OPTU or Optical channel Payload Tributary Unit maps the
output of the OPVC into a timeslot and performs timing
adaptations to unify the clocking.
OPU
The OPU or Optical channel Payload Unit contains all of the
timeslots in the OTN frame.
ODU
The ODU or Optical channel Data Unit provides the path-level
transport functions of the OPU.
OTU
The OTU or Optical Transport Unit provides the section-level
overhead for the ODU and provides the GCC0 bytes.
Physical
The Physical layer maps the OTU into a wavelength or WDM
muxing system.
11
OTN revealed
OTN Framing is very similar to SONET and SDH framing. It can be
represented by a table 4080 bytes long and 4 bytes high.
http://www.innocor.com/pdf_files/g709_tutorial.pdf
1 byte
3 bytes
7 bytes
FA OH OTUk OH
ODUk OH
OPUk OH
7 bytes
14 bytes 2 bytes
3808 bytes
OPUk Payload
(4x3808 bytes)
OTUk FEC
(4x256 bytes)
256 bytes
12
4 bytes
10GE for High Bandwidth Applications
• Expected to become Intra-office
interface of choice
10GE LAN PHY Transparency Issue
– Server connections
– Router interface
10.000 Gbps
with 64B/66B
Encoding
• Transparency of Ethernet MAC can
be important
10GE LAN PHY
• Solution for Transparent WAN
connectivity not standardized
– Data rate not compatible with standard
framing for OC-192 or ODU-2
– Supported using Agile Wavelengths
today using OTU-2+ variation of G.709
(11+ Gbps)
10.3125 Gbps
9.995 Gbps
ODU-2
O/H
OTN OPU-2
10.037 Gbps
10.709 Gbps
13
OTU-2
O/H
Agenda
Lightwave Technologies
Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS
14
Ciena’s Intelligent Control Plane: History
Complete and deployed distributed routing and signaling mechanism for core
mesh networks
Topology discovery with available bandwidth updates
Constraint based route calculation
In-band signaling for end-to-end sub-network connection (SNC) setup
and mesh restoration
Standards based
G.ASON compliant (G.7713.1, G.7715.1…)
Mature, Scalable, and Reliable
20+ customers with control plane networks (largest has 100+ of nodes)
5 years of history; research, product, deployments
Only distributed mesh control plane currently widely deployed in live
operation
15
•Configuration
•Provisioning
•Restoration
Single Domain I-NNI
G
F
H
B
I-NNI
Domain
A
E
I
Peer-to-Peer Signaling/Routing
Within a single domain, all nodes share topology information
All nodes belong to a common trusted environment and share a
common I-NNI (Interior Network-Network Interface)
A source node can initiate a connection with a single request
message
16
Multi-Domain Control Plane
I-NNI Domain
G
F
I-NNI Domain
G
F
H
H
O-UNI
A
O-UNI
B
E
E
I
I
E-NNI
Networks support Multiple Domains
Carrier networks are multi-domain & multi-technology
A single control plane does not scale or fit all needs
Individual domains interoperate through the E-NNI or Exterior Network-Network
Interface
This preserves domain characteristics and scalability
17
Ciena Standards Support
CoreDirector I-NNI optical control plane protocol (OSRP) is based on
ITU ASON Recommendation G.7713.1, with extensions for value-add
functionality
Over 5 years of experience in live networks
Proven to significantly reduce operational costs and service
activation time
Proven >99.999% service reliability in up to 120 node network
Available :
OIF O-UNI 1.0, based on ITU ASON Recommendation G.7713.2
OIF E-NNI (also based on ITU G.7713.2),
O-UNI 2.0 and
IETF GMPLS (I-NNI)
18
Ciena OIF Participation
Co-Founder and strong supporter
Co-founded with Cisco
Currently President
Participated in Supercomm and OFC demonstrations
Participated in UNI 1.0 and 2.0 development
Editor of UNI 1.0R2, E-NNI Signaling and Routing specifications
Keeping NNI aligned with ITU-T directions
Implementation of UNI 1.0R2, E-NNI 1.0
20
Ciena’s ITU-T Participation
Strong supporter of ASON work
Helped edit G.7713.1 and G.7713.2 Signaling Recommendations
Editor of G.7714.1 (Discovery Mechanisms)
Participated in editing of G.7715 (Routing Arch.)
Supplied main text to G.7715.1 (Routing Requirements)
Supporting ITU-T work on Management of ASON
Provided input to new G.7718 – ASON Management Framework
Editor of G.7718.1 (to be completed) – ASON Management Object Model
Implementation of G.7713.1/2, G.7714, G.7715.1
21
Ciena’s GMPLS Participation
Co-author of:
GMPLS framework
GMPLS signaling functional spec
GMPLS signaling for SONET/SDH
GMPLS signaling extensions (RSVP, CR-LDP)
GMPLS routing extensions (OSPF, IS-IS)
GMPLS LMP specification
GMPLS ASON requirements drafts
Continued participation…
Currently in Joint Design Team of experts to evaluate ASON-based routing extensions
Implementation of GMPLS RSVP/OSPF-TE
22
ASON/OIF Testing
2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 OIF Interops
Tested ASON/OIF UNI, E-NNI Signaling and E-NNI Routing
Testing venues include 7 carrier laboratories
Vendors include 15 major switch and router vendors
Tested
Interoperable OSPF-based E-NNI routing
Interoperable RSVP-based E-NNI signaling
Support of Ethernet over SONET/SDH using GFP
Support of VCAT/LCAS connections
23
ISOCORE Integrated IP/MPLS and Optical
Control Plane Demonstration
Applications
e.g., VPN, VPLS,
Triple Play
IP/MPLS Domain
Optical Domain
CIENA CoreDirector® provided intelligent optical switching in the ISOCORE self-managed
optical core at Supercomm 2004
GMPLS control plane protocols used for dynamic routing and automated circuit set up
Router clients forward IP/MPLS application traffic over the optical paths
Successful interoperation of GMPLS RSVP-TE and OSPF-TE in a multi-layer IP environment,
including Cisco and Juniper routers
24
Agenda
Lightwave Technologies
Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS
25
Optical Exchange Model – CoreDirector CI /
DWR
CoreDirector CI and CN
4200 based solution
Multi-layer switch facility
Dynamic Wave Router –
3rd Gen Wavelength
Tunable ROADM / Optical
Switch
OTN interfaces for
OTU1/2
SONET, Layer 2 witching
O-UNI, GMPLS Network Node
SONET, GbE, 10GbE
WAN Interfaces
OC3,12,48,192, GbE,
10GbE
O-UNI / NNI, GMPLS
signaling
Research Partnerships
control plane initiatives
F
A
N
DWR-8
DWR-8
DWDM, OTN WAN interfaces
POWER
POWER
λ
Tunable
DWDM Ports
F
A
N
26
1x9 Multi-port Wavelength Selective Switch
(MWSS) Technology
Functional Operation
l1
Input:
MEMS mirror
(1 per l)
l2
•
Full reconfigurability of Add, Drop and
Express ports
•
Drop any channel from incident optical
spectrum
…
l3
l 96
Diffraction
grating
Express
Output Ports: 1
2
3
Single channel drop per port or
•
Drop any N wavelengths at a port
•
Power level control on each port
•
50GHz compatible
•
Expandable to higher degree node
8
Basic ROADM configuration
In
•
Express
Another possible application…
Multiple Express configuration
for multi-degree node/ring interconnect
In
1x9 MWSS
1 Express port
1x9 MWSS
8 x Drop
4 x Drop
27
4 x Express
Agenda
Lightwave Technologies
Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS
28
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
Executive Summary
GFP is an approved ITU Recommendation (G.7041.2001) for adapting a
wide variety of data signals to transport networks
Data Types
PDU-oriented (e.g., Ethernet, IP/PPP)
Block-code-oriented (e.g., ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel)
Transport Networks
SONET (including Virtual Concatenation)
Frame mapped
SONET/SDH path
GFP
Other
Other
client
signals
ESCON
FICON
Fibre
Channel
MAPOS
IP/PPP
Ethernet
Other octet-synchronous paths
RPR
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Transparent mapped
OTN ODUk path
29
Storage
Service
s
IP/Layer 3 Services
PPP
OC-N DSn
GE,
Ethernet
ATM POS
T1.105
HEC
X.86
GE, ESCON
FC/FICON
Lambda
Services
TDM
Services
Future
Services
GFP within the Protocol Hierarchy
RPR
GFP
HDLC
Another mapping for IP services, a
better mapping for Ethernet,
an enabler for Storage services.
Vcat
SONET
OTN
GFP – Generic Framing Procedure (ITU-T Rec.
G.7041)
Uniform mapping of packet, storage &
future services to global transport
network
TDM
Services
OC-N
DSn
Storage
Services
IP Services
PPP
GE,
Ethernet
GE, ESCON
FC/FICON
RPR
Lambda
Services
Encapsulate & demarcate all services for common management
Future
Services
DWDM
GFP
T1.105
Vcat
Maximise network efficiency & resource utilisation
VCAT – Virtual Concatenation of SONET/SDH
Flexible provisioning of dynamic multi-services with
LCAS* (ITU-T Rec. G.7042)
OTN
DWDM
*LCAS – Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
30
Extending SONET/SDH to support new Broadband Optical Services
Virtual Concatenation
“Right-sizes” the provisioned SONET path for the client signal
Enables mapping into an arbitrary number of standard STS-1s
Transport capacity decoupled from service bandwidth – less stranded bandwidth
STS signals can be diversely routed through SONET network
Recombined to contiguous payloads at end point of transmission
Need to handle differential delays at egress due to diverse routing
Do this using internal buffers – 5us/km of fibre
Inter-works with all existing SONET/SDH equipment
Only source & sink terminals need to support VCAT
STS-1-2v
STS-1-4v
OC-192
STS-3c-4v
STS-1-2v
SONET
• ESCON (160M)  STS-1-4v
• Fibre Channel (1G)  STS-3c-6v
• Gigabit Ethernet  STS-3c-nv
Provides superior link utilization for both voice and 31data services
VCAT – Soft Protection
New soft protection schemes possible
Improves efficiency beyond classic SONET protection strategies
Works best with packet services utilising CoS priority support
Soft protection via path diversity
100% transport capacity utilised under normal conditions (~99.99% availability)
On a failure, percentage of transport capacity is lost (due to impacted STSs)
Client signal automatically re-mapped into the remaining STSs
LCAS enables the VCAT link to be hitlessly repaired
VCAT Link
32
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
Executive Summary
An approved mechanism (ITU G.7042.2001) for dynamically adjusting the size of a Virtually
Concatenated channel
Allows services more flexibility for handling dynamic bandwidth demands
Relies on the NMS/EMS or O-UNI to provision the bandwidth change
Allows channel size adjustment to be hitless
Provides mechanism for adjustment of bandwidth during STS-1 failure
LCAS uses bit-oriented protocol encapsulated in control packets carried in SONET H4 Payload
Overhead (16 125μs frames per control packet)
33
Ethernet Private Line Services
34
Managed IP Services over Transparent LANs
35
Integrated Layer 2 switching
20G full duplex Ether switch capacity
1 x 10GbE or 10 x GbE ports
Supports GFP-F, VCAT and LCAS
Backplane
GbE/10GbE Ports
3
NPU
1
SON/SDH
Mapper
Traffic
Mgr
ESLM
2
Variety of mappings possible: PPP, GFP, LAPS, ATM/FR
Integrated NPU enables MAC learning bridge,
Spanning Tree, VLANs, MPLS, PWE3, traffic
prioritization, per flow traffic management,
statistical multiplexing, link aggregation, port
protection, etc.
Any-to-Any packet switching
Traffic from any port switched to any VCG
CD (TDM) Fabric
Ethernet Services Line Modules
Pluggable GbE /10GbE Ports
Ethernet Line Modules
VCG(s)
SON/SDH
Line
Module
VCG(s)
SON/SDH
Line
Module
1. Port to VCG
2. VCG to VCG (Server Mode)
3. Port to Port (Hairpin)
36
Ending slide
37