THE CIVIL WAR
ITS CAUSES, THE WAR AND
RECONSTRUCTION
STANDARDS: 4.2-4.3
IMPACT OF WESTERN EXPANSION
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• ON SLAVERY: THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
1. Southern arguments in favor of slavery.
2. Abolitionist arguments against slavery.
3. Types of abolitionists:
– American Colonization Society
– Moderate
– Radical
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Leading abolitionists:
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William Lloyd GarrisonFrederick DouglassSarah and Angelina GrimkeHarriet TubmanHarriet Beecher Stowe– ON NATIVE AMERICANS
– Buffalo and Reservations
– Important battles between US troops and Native Americans
THE SAND CREEK MASSACRE AND THE BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN
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1. Western expansion killed off the buffalo and the Indians of the Great Plains lost their
way of life. Many of these were forced to move reservations. Most tribes hated living on
reservations and as a result the 1800s were full of Indian uprisings.
2. 1861– US government broke a treaty with the Cheyenne Indians, the Indians went on
the warpath.
3. US forces, under Col. Chivington, surprised the Cheyenne at Sand Creek, Colorado. It
turned into a massacre. The army killed almost all the Indians at Sand Creek, mostly
women and children.
4. In 1876, Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and Red Cloud attacked the 7th
Cavalry under the command of Col. George A. Custer at the Little Bighorn River in
Montana. Everyone in the 7th Cavalry was killed. It was the last Indian victory. By 1877 the
Sioux were back on the Reservations in the Dakotas or Oklahoma.
5. Violence broke out in the Northwest when the army tried to move the Nez Perce under
Chief Joseph to a reservation. For many months the Nez Perce avoided capture as they
tried to make their way to Canada. They were stopped 30 miles from the border.
6. In 1890, the last important “battle” was Wounded Knee. Fear that the “Ghost Dance” of
Wovoka was a sign for an uprising, prompted the army to attack the Sioux at Wounded
Knee. 150 unarmed Sioux were massacred.
“A CENTURY OF DISHONOR” AND THE DAWES SEVERALTY ACT
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1881 Helen Hunt Jackson wrote a book about Indian sufferings, A Century of Dishonor.
In it she described the horrible way Indians had been treaty.. The worst land, broken
treaties and the victims of massacres.
Her book led to the passage of the Dawes Severalty Act in 1887.
It abolished tribes and sold reservation land to individual families and conferred citizenship
for those who purchased the land.
Most Indians were not willing to give up their tribal connections and turned the act into a
failure.
• WESTERN CULTURE
MOTIVIATIONS FOR MIGRATING WEST:
1. Religious: Many missionaries went west to convert the Indians.
Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter Day Saints (Mormons).
Founder: Joseph Smith, based on the Book of Mormon (given to him by the angel Moroni)
later he was murdered in Nauvoo, Ill.
Due to persecution Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah.
2. Land: Especially after the Civil War—Homestead Act (1862) 160 acres for free if one
stayed on it for 5 years.—last territory to open Oklahoma 1889 (Sooners)
Morrill Land Grant Act– A&M colleges.
AMERICA’S CULTURAL CHANGES 1810S-1860S
• 2ND GREAT AWAKENING:
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Frontier religious movement
Charles Finney
Rise of Methodism, Presbyterianism and Baptists
Christianizing the slaves.
• TRANSCENDENTALISM:
– Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
• REFORM MOVEMMENTS:
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Education
Treatment of the insane
Feminism
Prison reform
Factory work systems
• Waltham-Lowell System
• Rhode Island System
THE CAUSES
• 1. SECTIONALISM
• 2. TARIFFS
• 3. THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT AND
SLAVERY
• 4. COMPROMISE OF 1850
• 5. STATES’ RIGHTS
6. ELECTION OF 1856
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MAJOR ISSUES DIVIDE PARTIES:
– IMMIGRATION
– SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES
– KANSAS
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
– CANDIDATES
• REPUBLICANS
• DEMOCRATS
• KNOW-NOTHINGS
– RESULTS
ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN 1857-1861
– 7. DRED SCOTT CASE
– 8. “BLEEDING KANSAS”
– 9. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
– FREEPORT DOCTRINE
– 10. HARPER’S FERRY
– 11. BROOKS-SUMNER CANING
12. ELECTION OF 1860
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CANDIDATES
PARTIES AND THEIR PLATFORMS:
OUTCOME:
ATTEMPTED COMPROMISES:
SECESSION:
EVENTS AFTER THE ELECTION AND SECESSION:
– CREATION OF CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT
– CSA DECLARED INDEPENDENCE
• WRITE CONSTITUTION
• CHOOSE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT
– LINCOLN’S ADMINISTRATION:
– FT. SUMTER 4/12/1861
• 75,000 VOLUNTEERS, OTHER STATES SECEDE.
START OF THE WAR
• Confederate capital moved from Montgomery,
Alabama to Richmond, Va.
• Lincoln asks Lee to lead his army. Lee
declines.
• Lincoln appointed Irwin McDowell to lead the
army.
COMPARISON OF THE BLUE AND THE GRAY
CATEGORY
NORTH
SOUTH
POPULATION
25,000,000
9,000,000 (40% slaves)
INDUSTRY/
AGRICULTURE
95% factories
food crops
RAILROAD
MILEAGE
3 x mileage of south, Standard
gauge
Tredegar Iron Works
1 metal forge, 2 gun factories
cotton, tobacco
State gauge
MONEY
Greenbacks, gold supply
No backing
GOVERNMENT
Established 1776
No foreign recognition 1861
NAVY
Naval officers stayed loyal
100,000 sailors
Winfield Scott, George McClellan
Irwin McDowell, Ulysses Grant,
William T. Sherman, Phil Sheridan
Very few
Save the Union, free the slaves
Southern Independence
MILITARY
LEADERS
CAUSE
Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Jeb Stuart, PTG Beauregard, James Longstreet
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
 Union’s major weaknesses:
◦ Over confidence,
◦ Long lines of supply and communications
◦ Fight an offensive war
 Southern Advantages:
◦ Defending home and way of life
◦ “Better fighters”
◦ Better Generals
 Weakness:
◦ Cotton Diplomacy
 Civil War Names
◦ North= Union, Federals, Yankees, “Billy Yank”, Blue, USA, Army of the
Potomac, Army of the Cumberland
◦ South=Confederacy, Rebs, Rebels, “Johnny Reb”, Gray, CSA, Army of
Northern Virginia, Army of the Tennessee
 Names of Battles
◦ North= closest physical feature (streams, creeks, churches, mountain)
◦ South= closest village or town
◦ MAJOR BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
◦ 1st Bull Run (Manassas) Virginia Railroad center July 1861
 Witnessed by 1000s of spectators anxious to watch only battle of Civil War!!
 North-Gen. Irwin McDowell, 35,000 troops
 South- PGT Beauregard, 22, 000 troops, with 11,000 reinforcements led by
Gen. Thomas Jackson
 Earned nickname “Stonewall” at this battle
 “Great Skeedaddle” US army routed and retreats toward Washington, DC
◦ Results:
 South confident that they can win the war.
 North realizes war will not be 90 days long
 Lincoln replaces McDowell with George McClellan.
 ANACONDA PLAN (GEN. WINFIELD SCOTT)
◦ NAVAL BLOCKADE OF SOUTHERN COASTLINE
◦ CONSTANT MILITARY PRESSURE ON RICHMOND
◦ SEIZE TOTAL CONTROL OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
 SPLIT CONFEDERACY IN HALF
 ATTACK MID-SECTION OF THE DEEP SOUTH
“TRENT AFFAIR” USS SAN JACINTO V. HMS TRENT 11/8/1861
MONITOR V. MERRIMACK (CSS VIRGINIA) 3/9/1862
 McCLELLAN’S PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN 4/1862– 7/1862
 (w) BATTLE OF SHILOH (PITTSBURG LANDING, TN.) APRIL 6,7, 1862
 (w) APRIL 25, 1862, NEW ORLEANS FELL.
 (e) AUG. 29, 30, 1862 BATTLE OF 2ND BULL RUN
 (e) SEPT. 17,18, 1862 BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
 SEPT. 22, 1862 LINCOLN ISSUED THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
 —Jan 1. 1863– freed all salves in the Confederate States. Changed the
 meaning of the War. Kept England and France out of the war. Allowed for the
 formation of black fighting units—54th Massachusetts.
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(e) DEC. 13, 1862 BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
(e) MAY 1-4, 1863 BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE
(e) JULY 1-4, 1863 BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
(w) MAY 22—JULY 4, 1863 SIEGE OF VICKSBURG.
(w) MAY 15– DEC. 1864 SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA.
POLITICAL ISSUES OF THE WAR
 NORTH
 1. “Copperheads”– Pro-Southern Northerners. Knights of the Golden Circle and Sons of
Liberty.
◦ Most were Democrats from the Border States.
◦ Clement Vallandigham (D-Ohio).
◦ Lincoln tried most of the Copperheads in Military Courts and suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus.
They were treated as political prisoners.
 2. Economy– 1861-1862 North experienced a recession.
◦ But as the war progressed it turned into prosperity especially for farmers and those that
manufactured war related items.
 3. Draft Law 1863.
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It was unpopular with the poor and immigrants.
$300 could get one out of the draft or a substitute could be hired.
“Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”.
1863 Draft Riots in NY City killed more than 100 people.
 4. Keeping Border States loyal to the Union.
◦ Martial Law.
 SOUTH
 1. Draft Law 1862
◦ Exemptions: Plantation owner with more than 20 slaves. Hire substitutes. “Rich man’s war, poor
man’s fight”.
 2. The Economy– From 1861-1865
◦ “Depression”, starvation, famine and the blockade was taking its toll on the people.
THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Nov. 1864…
FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS BROUGHT FORTH ON THIS
CONTINENT, A NEW NATION,CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND DEDICATED TO THE
PROPOSITION THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL. NOW WE ARE ENGAGED IN A
GREAT CIVIL WAR TESTING WHETHER THAT NATION, OR ANY NATION, SO CONCEIVED
AND SO DEDICATED, CAN LONG ENDURE.
WE ARE MET ON A GREAT BATTLEFIELD OF THAT WAR. WE HAVE COME TO DEDICATE A
PORTION OF THAT FIELD, AS A FINAL RESTING PLACE FOR THOSE WHO HERE GAVE
THEIR LIVES THAT THAT NATION MIGHT LIVE. IT IS ALTOGETHER FITTING AND PROPER
THAT WE SHOULD DO THIS.
BUT IN A LARGER SENSE, WE CANNOT DEDICATE—WE CANNOT CONSECRATE—WE
CANNOT HALLOW– THIS GROUND. THE BRAVE MEN, LIVING AND DEAD, WHO
STRUGGLED HERE, HAVE CONSECRATED IT FAR ABOVE OUR POOR POWER TO ADD OR
DETRACT. THE WORLD WILL LITTLE NOTE, OR LONG REMEMBER WHAT WE SAY HERE,
BUT IT CAN NEVER FORGET WHAT THEY DID HERE. IT IS FOR US THE LIVING, RATHER,
TO BE DEDICATED HERE TO THE UNFINISHED WORK WHICH THEY WHO FOUGHT HERE
HAVE THUS FAR SO NOBLY ADVANCED. IT IS RATHER FOR US TO BE HERE DEDICATED
TO THE GREAT TASK REMAINING BEFORE US—THAT FROM THESE HONORED DEAD WE
TAKE INCREASED DEVOTION TO THAT CAUSE FOR WHICH THEY GAVE THEIR LAST FULL
MEASURE OF DEVOTION THAT WE HERE HIGHLY RESOLVE THAT THESE DEAD SHALL
NOT HAVE DIED IN VAIN—THAT THIS NATION UNDER GOD, SHALL HAVE A NEW BIRTH OF
FREEDOM—AND THAT GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE, FOR THE
PEOPLE, SHALL NOT PERISH FROM THE EARTH.
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ELECTION OF 1864
CANDIDATES
ISSUES
RESULTS
 UNION VICTORY
 1. MARCH 1864 GRANT NAMED SUPREME COMMANDER OF ALL UNION FORCES.
 2. USING THE NORTH’S NUMERICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SUPERIORITY BEGAN TO
HAMMER AWAY AT LEE.
 June- 1864- April 1865 Grant fought a war of attrition.
 April 7—Battle of Farmville, Va. 1/3 of Lee’s army surrendered to Grant.
 APRIL 9, 1865, LEE WAS SURROUNDED AT APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE, VA.—Lee
surrendered to Grant
 April 14, 1865 LINCOLN ASSASSINATED– John Wilkes Booth
 April 26, 1865 GEN. JOSEPH JOHNSTON SURRENDERED TO GEN SHERMAN AT
DURHAM, NC. THE WAR HAD ENDED.
 May 1, 1865– Confederate government disbanded Abbeville, SC
 May 10, 1865– Jefferson Davis captured in Irwinville, Ga.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SOUTH
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1865 THE UNION HAD BEEN PRESERVED. LONG BEFORE THE END OF THE WAR
PRESIDENT LINCOLN HAD ALREADY LAID OUT HIS PLAN FOR REBUILDING OR
“RECONSTRUCTING” THE SOUTH.
LINCOLN’S PLAN: 1862-63 PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
1. HAITIAN IMMIGRATION FOR EX-SLAVES. 1862
2. FREEDMAN’S BUREAU ACT 1862:
– GOVERNMENT AID TO THE NEWLY FREED EX-SLAVE. HOUSING, HEALTH CARE,
EDUCATION AND 50 ACRES OF LAND. FIRST USED AT HILTON HEAD ISLAND, SC.
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3. HOMESTEAD ACT 1862:
– 50 ACRES OF LAND IN THE WEST FOR FREE IF ONE LIVED ON IT AND WORKED IT FOR 5
YEARS.
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4. PROCLAMATION OF AMNESTY AND RECONSTRUCTION DEC. 1863:
– METHOD FOR READMITTING EX-CONFEDERATE STATES TO THE US.
• 10% OF VOTERS TAKE AN OATH OF ALLEGIANCE TO US.
• DRAFT A STATE CONSTITUTION BANNING SLAVERY.
• PARDON ALL EX-CONFEDERATES WHO TOOK OATH AND ACCEPTED ABOLITION.
– 1864– ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, AND TENNESSEE READMITTED.
CONGRESSIONAL OPPOSITION
 RADICAL REPUBLICAN MEMBERS OF CONGRESS THOUGHT LINCOLN’S PLAN WAS
TOO LENIENT. THEY FELT THAT THE SOUTH SHOULD BE PUNISHED FOR WHAT
THEY HAD DONE.
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CALLED FOR BLACK VOTING RIGHTS.
SOUTHERN ACCEPTANCE OF BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS.
PROPERTY DISTRIBUTION TO EX-SLAVES.
CONGRESS REFUSED THE READMISSION OF LA., ARK., AND TENN. UNTIL THOSE
REFORMS WERE ENACTED.
 JULY, 1864: WADE-DAVIS BILL
◦ 50% LOYALTY AND ABOLITION OATH
◦ DISENFRANCHISEMENT OF ALL HIGH RANKING EX-CONFEDERATES.
◦ POCKET VETOED BY LINCOLN. SPLIT THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
 LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION NEVER GAVE HIM A CHANCE TO RESPOND TO
CONGRESS’ DEMANDS
 PRES. ANDREW JOHNSON’S PLAN:
 MAY 1865:
◦ BLANKET AMNESTY FOR ALL BUT THE HIGHEST RANKING CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS,
MILITARY OFFICERS AND FOR THOSE WITH MORE THAN $20,000 OF TAXABLE PROPERTY.
◦ NORTH CAROLINA MODEL– AMNESTY AND OATH—VOTING RIGHTS, INTERIM
GOVERNORAPPOINTED BY PRESDIENT UNTIL ELECTIONS.
DIVISION OVER RECONSTRUCTION
 RADICALS IN CONGRESS OPPOSED LIMITING VOTING RIGHTS TO WHITES ONLY.
 RADICALS IN CONGRESS BELIEVED JOHNSON WAS PLANNING TO RESTORE WHITE
SUPREMACY IN THE SOUTH.
 MODERATES BELIEVED IN LIMITED BLACK RIGHTS BUT STILL SUPPORTED THE
PRESIDENT.
 13TH AMENDMENT SENT TO THE STATES SPRING 1865– PROHIBITED SLAVERY
 SOUTHERN DEFIANCE:
 WITH CONGRESS RECESSED FOR THE REST OF 1865:
 1. NO SOUTHERN STATE GAVE ANY RIGHTS TO BLACKS.
 2. JOHNSON ISSUED PARDONS TO HIGH-RANKING EX-CONFEDERATES ON CASE-BY-CASE
BASIS.
 3. SOUTHERN STATES IN THE FALL OF 1865 REELECTED EX-CONFEDERATES TO LOCAL,
STATE AND NATIONAL OFFICES. ALEXANDER STEPHENS REELECTED TO THE SENATE
FROM GEORGIA.
 4. SOUTHERN STATE GOVERNMENTS PASSED “BLACK CODES”.
◦ BLACKS COULD NOT TESTIFY IN COURT AGAINST WHITES.
◦ BLACKS COULD NOT SERVE ON JURIES OR VOTE.
◦ BANNED INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE.
◦ RESTRICTED BLACKS TO CERTAIN JOBS AND CERTAIN AREAS TO LIVE.
◦ BLACKS HELD TO STRICT VAGRANCY LAWS
 BLACKS RETURNED TO CONDITIONS OF SEMI-SLAVERY.
 THIS ANGERED MANY NORTHERNERS.
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
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1866—NEW FREEDMEN’S BUREAU ACT (MARTIAL LAW TO PROTECT BLACKS) VETOED
1866– CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (VETOED BUT OVERRIDDEN)
1866—14TH AMENDMENT passed by Congress, sent to states for approval
1867—RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867 (VETOED BUT OVERRIDDEN)
◦ ALL SOUTHERN STATES KICKED OUT OF UNION
◦ SOUTH DIVIDED INTO 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS
◦ READMITTED WHEN NEW CONSTITUTIONS GUARANTEE BLACK RIGHTS
◦ RATIFY 14TH AMENDMENT
◦ DISENFRANCHISE ALL EX-CONFEDERATES
◦ TENNESSEE THE FIRST TO COMPLY
TENURE OF OFFICE ACT OF 1867
IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON (FEB. 1868)
14th Amendment ratified
POLITICAL POWER IN THE SOUTH CONTROLLED BY:
◦ CARPETBAGGERS, SCALAWAGS, BLACKS
 Purchase of Alaska $7.2 million
 Overthrow of Mexican emperor Maximilian I in 1867.
 AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION
◦ SHARECROPPING (TENANT FARMING) AND CROP LIEN
◦ DEMAND FOR EDUCATION
WHITE REACTION TO THE RADICAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE
SOUTH
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ELECTION OF 1868
– CANDIDATES:
GRANT’S PRESIDENCY
15th Amendment ratified 1870
FORMATION OF WHITE TERRORIST GROUPS
– Force acts 1870, 1871
TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD COMPLETED-1869
THREAT OF WAR WITH ENGLAND
– TREATY OF WASHINGTON 1872
SCANDALS
ELECTION OF 1872:
– 3 CANDIDATES:
– ISSUES:
PANIC OF 1873
SLAUGHTERHOUSE CASES 1873
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1875
ELECTION OF 1876
Candidates: Democrats
Republicans
Outcome:
COMPROMISE OF 1877
RECONSTRUCTION ENDS
PRESIDENCY OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
 HAYES’S ADMINISTATION
 HOME RULE RETURNS TO THE SOUTH—”BOURBON RULE”
 SOUTH ENACTS SEGREGATION LAWS—”JIM CROW” LAWS
◦ DE JURE
◦ DE FACTO
 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RETURNS VOTING PRACTICES BACK TO THE STATES:
◦ LITERACY TESTS
◦ GRANDFATHER CLAUSES
◦ POLL TAXES
 POLITICAL PARTIES CHANGE:
 REPUBLICANS—
◦ PARTY SPLIT
 STALWARTS
 HALF-BREEDS
◦ BASE CHANGED
◦ BELIEFS CHANGED
 DEMOCRATS—
◦ STRONG WITH IMMIGRANTS AND LABOR UNIONS
◦ BECAME MORE LIBERAL ON MANY SOCIAL ISSUES
 CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT PASSED 1879—VETOED
 S. CT. DECISIONS:
 SLAUGHTERHOUSE CASES 1873—14TH Amendment did not protect civil rights, those are protected by the
State.
 US V. CRUIKSHANK, 1876—Fed. Govt. did not have the power to punish people who had oppressed
blacks.
 US V. REESE,1876—weakened the 15th Amendment, 15th did not grant anyone voting rights, merely listed
the grounds on which voting could not be denied.
THE SEGREGATED SOUTH
• CIVIL RIGHTS CASES 1883
– CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875 UNCONSTITUTIONAL
• PLESSY V. FERGUSON, 1896
– SEPARATE BUT EQUAL LEGALIZED
• WILLIAMS V. MISSISSIPPI, 1898
– USE OF VOTER REGISTRATION ROLLS FOR JURY SELECTION LEGAL.
– BLACK RESPONSE TO SEGREGATION:
• ATLANTA COMPROMISE 1895
– BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
• CREATION OF NAACP (Niagara Movement)
– W.E.B DUBOIS
– HENRY TURNER