JUNIOR HIGH AMERICAN
HISTORY
Chapter 16
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 1
1. Geography Which slave states stayed in the Union when
the Confederacy was formed?
 Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland
2. Geography For each state, give the strategic advantage(s)
its location offered.
 Missouri


Kentucky


Controlled the Ohio River
Delaware


could control parts of the Mississippi River and major routes
to the West
Was close to Philadelphia
Maryland

close to Richmond, vital railroad lines passed through it;
Washington, D.C., lay within it
3. What area seceded from the South and joined the Union?
 West Virginia
4. What advantages did the North have over the South?
 larger population
 more industry,
 more resources
 better banking system
 better navy
 better railway network
 Lincoln
5. Why would invading and holding the South be difficult for the
North?
 It was a large area filled with a hostile population
6. What advantages did the South have over the North?
 strong support of its white population
 fighting in familiar territory
 superior militaryleadership
7. How did a strong belief in states’ rights hamper the
South’s efforts?
 Individual states refused to give the Confederacy
Government enough power to fight effectively
8. What was the main goal of the North at the outset?
 To bring southern states back into the Union
9. What main strategies were included in the Union’s
plan for winning the war?
 blockade Southern ports
 Gain control of the Mississippi River
 capture Richmond
10. What were the main goals of the South?
 win recognition as an independent nation
 preserve the Southern way of life which included
slavery
11. Why did the South expect Great Britain and France
to pressure the North to end the war?
 So their cotton supply would be restored
12. How could most Civil War soldiers be described?
 Young and inexpierenced
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 2
1. Where was the first major battle of the Civil War?
 Bull Run
2. Eyewitness to History Who were the two generals
who led the South in this battle?
 P.G.T. Beauregard
 Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson
3. Who won this battle?
 South
4. What was the Union army of the East called?
 The Army of the Potomac
5. Who headed the Union army of the East?
 General George B. McClellan
6. Why did Abraham Lincoln order a blockade of
Southern ports?
 to prevent the South from exporting cotton or
importing war supplies
7. How did the South challenge the blockade?
 blockade runners
 they covered the Merrimack in iron plates and
attacked Union warships.
8. What was the North’s first strategic goal in the West?
 To gain control of the Mississippi and Tennessee
Rivers
9. Geography How long did the Battle of Shiloh last?
 2 days
10. Geography Who was victorious in the Battle of Shiloh?
 The North
11. Why was David Farragut’s capture of New Orleans significant?
 It meant that the Confederacy could no longer use the Mississippi
River to carry its crops to sea.
12. What was George McClellan’s goal in March of 1862?
 To capture Richmond
13. What was McClellan’s operation known as?
 The Peninsula Campaign
14. How did McClellan’s delays benefit the Confederates?
 They had time to prepare their defense at Richmond
15. Who commanded the South’s army for the Seven Days
battles?
 General Robert E. Lee
16. What was the outcome of McClellan’s offensive?
 He failed to capture Richmond
17. What took place on August 29, 1862?
 The Second Battle of Bull Run
18. Who was victorious?
 The South
19. What advantage over the South did the North
have when it launched an offensive into Maryland in
September 1862?
 They had a copy of Lee’s orders
20. When was the single bloodiest day of the war?
 Antietam ~ September 17, 1862
21. How did Lincoln react to McClellan’s repeated
hesitance?
 He removed him from command and replaced him
with General Ambrose Burnside.
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 3
I. Emancipation
A. Why did Abraham Lincoln hesitate to move against slavery?
 making an issue of slavery would divide the people and make
the war less popular
B. How did Northerners’ attitudes toward slavery change as
the war went on?
 They believed that slavery was helping the war effort in the
south
C. Citizenship Why did Lincoln wait to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation?
 He did not want to appear to be acting in desperation when
the North seemed to be losing the war.
D. Citizenship Why did the proclamation not actually free
any slaves?
 It applied only to the areas the Confederacy controlled
E. Citizenship What effect did Lincoln hope the
proclamation would have on many slaves?
 It would encourage them to runaway from their
owners
F. Citizenship What effect did the proclamation have
in Europe?
 Great Britain and France decided to withhold
recognition of the Confederacy.
G. Citizenship Which amendment, ratified in 1865,
truly freed the slaves?
 13th
II. AFRICAN AMERICANS HELP
A. When the Civil War began, what percentage of the
Confederacy’s population was
made up of slaves?
 40 %
B. By the end of the war, what portion of the Confederacy’s
enslaved population had fled to Union areas?
 About ¼
C. What was the main reason Southerners did not want to
use African Americans as soldiers?
 Feared that they would revolt
D. Before they were allowed to serve as soldiers in the Union
army, how did African Americans aid the Union war effort?
 Guides and spies
E. What was the 54th Massachusetts?
 An African American regiment
F. How did the events of July 18, 1863, win respect
for African American troops?
 Nearly half of the soldiers in the 54th
Massachusetts were wounded, captured, or killed
in a brave attack on a Confederate fort
G. What logic, first expressed by General Ulysses
S. Grant, did Lincoln use to refute the criticism of
his use of African American soldiers?
 They would make good soldiers, and using them
would weaken the South while strengthening the
North.
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 4
1. Where did most soldiers live during the Civil War?
 In camps
2. Why were the new rifles preferable to muskets?
 They were more accurate
3. What kind of warfare was used by both sides?
 Trench warfare
4. Why did many soldiers desert the armies?
 fear, hunger, or sickness (worries about their
families)
5. What was one of the reasons General Robert E. Lee invaded Maryland in 1862?
 To allow his hungry army a chance to feed off the crops
6. What new responsibilities did women take on during the war?
 They became teachers
 Office workers
 sales clerks
 Government workers.
 They worked in factories and managed farms.
7. How did women help the armies?
 They rolled bandages, wove blankets
 made ammunition
 collected supplies
 raised Money
 served as spies and nurses
8. Who were Rose O’Neal Greenhow and Belle Floyd?
 Confederate spies
9. Why did many men disapprove of women serving as nurses?
 Believed they were to delicate, and didn’t want them working on unknown men's bodies
10. Who were the Peace Democrats?
 Northerners who opposed the president and favored negotiating
with the Confederacy
11. When did the Confederate Congress pass a draft law?
 April 1862
12. How could a man avoid the draft in the South?
 By hiring a substitute or by owning 20 or more slaves
13. When did the North pass a draft law?
 March 1863
14. How could a man avoid the draft in the North?
 by hiring a substitute
 paying the government $300
15. Why did angry mobs riot in New York City in July 1863?
 To oppose the draft and fight to free Americans
16. What three methods did both sides use to raise money for the
war?
 borrowing money
 increasing taxes
 printing paper money
17. When did the United States Congress first pass an income tax?
 1861
18. How did the war affect the economy in the North?
 The economy boomed
19. How did the location of the war’s battles affect the economy in
the South?
 The war was fought mainly in the South, so much of the South
was ruined.
20. What effect did economic conditions have on Confederate
soldiers?
 Many deserted because of worries about their families
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 5
1. On December 13, 1862, at the Battle of
Fredericksburg, Union General Ambrose Burnside
clashed with General Robert E. Lee. The
Confederates were victorious.
2. In May 1863 the Confederates won at
Chancellorsville.
3. In July 1863 the three-day Battle of Gettysburg
ended in a victory for Union forces led by General
George Meade.
4. Eyewitness to History The last attack in this
battle was Pickett’s Charge.
5. At the same time, a battle took place at Vicksburg,
Mississippi.
6. On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln delivered a
two-minute speech called the Gettysburg Address.
7. Biography Ulysses S. Grant’s victories impressed
Lincoln, who named Grant commander of all Union
armies.
8. According to Grant’s plan the Army of the Potomac
would crush Robert E. Lee’s army in Virginia; the
western army would advance to Atlanta, Georgia.
9. In May and June of 1864 Grant’s and Lee’s armies
fought three battles near Richmond. Then Grant
attacked Petersburg.
10. William Tecumseh Sherman led his troops on an
historic “march to the sea” to Savannah, Georgia.
11. On April 2nd 1865, Grant defeated the Confederates
at Petersburg.
12. Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865;in a
village called Appomattox Court House.
13. More than 600,000 soldiers died in the war.
14. The war caused bitter feelings among defeated
Southerners that lasted for generations.
15. The war freed millions of slaves.