MK. METIL-PDKL-PPSUB
I WAYAN SUSANTO, D.A. SIHASALE DAN SOEMARNO
Diunduh dari:
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23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Diunduh dari: http://blogpdf.com/mixed-methods-research---sample-heading-text-48913293 …… 23/9/2012
Tujuan integrasi
Tujuan desain MM
Diunduh dari:
…… 23/9/2012
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Peningkatan minat dan advokasi tentang MMR
Berkembangnya pemahaman tentang apa itu
MMR
Berkembangnya disain dan teknik-teknik
inovatif
“The emergence of mixed methods as a third
methodological movement in the social and behavioral
sciences began during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori &
Teddlie, 2003: 697)
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“Kombinasi metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif
telah semakin berkembang dalam riset
kesehatan masyarakat.” (1999)
Mentioned several
approaches for combining
qualitative and
quantitative research
Advanced considerations for deciding
what model to use (literature
available, prior studies,
realistic design, expertise)
Suggested to describe each
method thoroughly
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BUKU-BUKU TENTANG MMR
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A New Journal
Journals
Devoted to Mixed
Methods:
Fieldwork Quality and
Quantity Mixed Method
Approaches
Editors: John W. Creswell
and Abbas Tashakkori
Managing Editor: Vicki L.
Plano Clark
Email: vpc@unlserve.unl.edu
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Mixed Methods Conference,
Cambridge, England, July 21-24, 2008
 Proposed mixed methods conference,
Sydney, Australia, 2009
 Discipline conferences with mixed
methods papers
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Diunduh dari: faculty.unlv.edu/kfernandez/.../mixmethod.pp... 22/9/2912
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Is there a post-positivist leaning to mixed methods?
 Howe, K. R. (2004). A critique of experimentalism. Qualitative Inquiry, 10, 42-61.
 Giddings, L. S. (2006). Mixed-methods research: Positivism dressed in drag? Journal
of Research in Nursing, 11(3), 195-2003.
 Holmes, C. A. (2007). Mixed(up) methods, methodology and interpretive frameworks.
Contributed paper for the Mixed Methods Conference, Cambridge, University, July
10-12, 2006.
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What are the limits for mixed methods research?
 Sale, J. E. M., Lohfeld, L. H., Brazil, K. (2002). Revisiting the quantitative-qualitative
debate: Implications for mixed-methods research. Quality and Quantity, 36, 43-53.
 Leahey, E. (2007). Convergence and confidentiality? Limits to the implementation
of mixed methodology. Social Science Research, 36, 149-158.
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Is there a dominant discourse in mixed methods research?
• Freshwater, D. (2007). Reading mixed methods research: Contexts for criticism.
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.
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Identifikasi Masalah Riset
Kajian literatur
Identifying a purpose
and stating questions
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting data
Reporting and evaluating the study
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Ethnography
Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental
research
Qual ----- Quan
Qual----- Quan
Qual-----Quan
Qual---- Quan
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Multi-method
Triangulation
Integrated
Combined
Quantitative and qualitative methods
Multi-methodology
Mixed methodology
Mixed-method
Mixed research
Mixed methods
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Data Konvergen:
Qual
Results
Quan
Connect data:
Qual
Quan
Results
Embed the data:
Quan data
Qual data
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Validitas – untuk “menguatkan” data quan dan qual.
Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and qual and draw on
strengths
Completeness – more comprehensive account that qual or quan
alone
Proses – quan menyediakan outcomes; qual menjelaskan proses
Eksplanasi – qual dapat menjelaskan hasil-hasil quan atau
sebaliknya
Hasil yang tidak diharapkan – hasil-hasil yang mengherankan
dari satu sudut pandang, sudut pandang yang lain menjelaskan
Pengembangan Instrument– qual menggunakan instrumenyang
dirancang
Kredibilitas – kedua pendekatan memperbaiki integritas temuan
Konteks – qual menyediak konteks; quan menyediakan
“general”.
Utilitas – lebih bermanfaat bagi praktisi.
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Pragmatisme (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003)
 Fokus pada pertanyaan penelitian
 Apa “kerja,” konsekwensi
 Metode-metode Multiple.
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Transformatif (Mertens, 2003)
 Transform lives of under represented,
marginalized groups
 Incorporate this focus into all phases of research
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Perkembangan Penting
 Notation
 Typologies
 Diagrams of procedures
 Complex evaluation models
 Reconceptualizing designs
 Emergence of innovations in procedures
Unusual blends
Methodological issues
Data analysis techniques
Presentation techniques
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Pendekatan
Tipe
Tujuan
Keterbatasan
Resolusi
QUAL + quan
Simultan
Enrich description
of sample
Qualitative sample
Utilize normative
data for
comparison of
results
QUAL
Sekuensial
Test emerging H,
determine
distribution of
phenomenon in
population
Qualitative sample
Draw adequate
random sample
from same
population
QUAN + qual
Simultan
To describe part of
phenomena that
cannot be
quantified
Quantitative
sample
Select appropriate
theoretical sample
from random
sample
QUAN
Sekuensial
To examine
unexpected
results
Quantitative
sample
Select appropriate
theoretical sample
from random
sample
quan
qual
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Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)
Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs
Disain Triangulasi
QUAN
Data &
Results
QUAL
Data &
Results
Interpretasi
Disain Embedded
QUAN
Pre-test
Data &
Results
Intervention
qual
Process
QUAN
Post-test
Data &
Results
Interpretasi
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Sequential Designs - Mixed Methods Designs
Desain Eksplanatori
QUAN
Data &
Results
Following up
qual
Data &
Results
Interpretati
on
Disain Eksploratori
QUAL
Data &
Results
Building to
quan
Data &
Results
Interpretati
on
Disain Embedded Sekuensial
Beforeintervention
qual
QUAN
Intervention
Trial
Afterintervention
qual
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Interpreta
tion
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Kombinasi metode-metode yang dapat dipilih
The epistemological and ontological
implications of what is chosen
The practicalities of carrying out the research
How the data are going to be brought together
(lack of theory?)
Ketegangan di antara pendekatan dan metodemetode
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Multiple Method Research Designs (MMRD)
▪ Multi-method designs -1+ method within paradigms
▪ Mixed methods designs -1+ method mixed
paradigms
▪ Combining methods – 1+ method, one subsumed to
other?
▪ Integrating methods – 1+ method of equal weight?
▪ Triangulasi – outcome dari MMRD?*
▪ Transformasi Data
 Mengkuantitatifkan data
 Mengkualitatifkan data
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Emic and etic understandings?
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Multiple research-questions?
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Multiple facets or contexts
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Multiple of singular-reality?
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Mixed phenomena?
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Sequential atau parallel?
Linked atau independent?
Respondent enrolment
Development of research instruments
Time required
Costs – value for money?
Necessary expertise?
Organisasi Tim dan Komunikasi.
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Where’s your theory? How does that help?
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Assumptions and presumptions –
negotiating a path through/round them
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Integration; triangulation; combination?
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When are you going to integrate? Have you
missed the moment?
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Will your audience understand?
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Metodologis
▪ Differing findings
▪ Unit analisis
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Politis
▪ Preferensi / persyaratan audien
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Praktikal
▪ Waktu
▪ Biaya
▪ Umur data.
Multidata-monoanalysis—this is the
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Multi-faceted
nature of all
phenomena
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Kontextualitas
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Dimensi/hubunga
n Micro-mesomacro
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Agensi dan
struktur.
analysis of both data types (qualitative
AND quantitative) using only one
analysis type.
This results in:
1. Only quantitative analysis of your
qualitative data , atau
2. Only qualitative analysis of your
quantitative data.
We recommend that you avoid this
approach because it is not wise to only
analyze your qualitative data
quantitatively or only analyze your
quantitative data qualitatively.
Diunduh dari: www.sagepub.com/.../notes/Ch19_Lecture.do... …… 26/10/2012
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Essentialist approaches
Constructionist approaches
Fixed state/status
Contextual and fluid
An inherent weakness or something managed
and negotiated?
Children and vulnerability
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Pendekatan yang mana dan mengapa yang
itu?
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Tidak cukup untuk beberapa tujuan tertentu
 Mis. Pengembangan kebijakan
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Cannot elaborate micro-meso-macro
interfaces and relationships
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Struktur dan agensi
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Some presumptions are problematic
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Fenomena Multi-dimensional
 Access via different methods derived from an
interpretivist stance
 Dapat mengkaji kontingensi dan aspek-aspek
dinamik
 Draw on emic and etic conceptualisations to plan
a strong design for mixed methods
 Dapat mengkaji huungan struktural dan
agensi/structure interfaces
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Data sensus
Data nasional
National statistical returns (eg Crime statistics for HO)
Hasil-hasil penelitian yang dipublikasikan
Survei lokal (data primer)
Local statistics (secondary/primary data)
Data yang terbatas tentang anak-anak.
Pertanyaan Penelitian
 Spesifik (hypotheses)
 Determined at start by outside ‘experts’/prior
research
 Dibatasi oleh apa yang tersedia , mis. area; unit
analisis.
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Using a mixed methods approach
 Interface between micro and macro
dimensions of physical safety,
distributions of risk, violence
 Would need primary data to capture
distributions of management strategies
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Mengkombinasikan
metode/data/analysis sedemikian rupa
sehingga:
 Mereka membentuk satu kesatuan
 Menjaga sifat0sifat paradigmatiknya
masing-masing (tidak mencampur-adukkan
satu-sama lain)
 Menghasilkan kontribusi yang sama nilainya
▪ Integrasi sejak
awal riset
▪ Selama
pengumpulan data
▪ Melalui Analisis
Data
▪ Melalui
Interpretasi
▪ Sebagai hasil
Presentasi
Monodata-multianalysis—this is the
analysis of one type of data using both
qualitative and quantitative anslysis.
The logic of this approach is to:
1. Analyze your data with the standard
approach (e.g., qualitative analysis for your
qualitative data or quantitative analysis for
your quantitative data).
2. Either qualitative or quantitize one set of
data for additional analysis.
1. Qualitize—transforming quantitative data
into qualitative data (e.g., provide names or
labels to quantitative characteristics).
2. Quantitize—transforming qualitative data
into quantitative data (e.g., do numerical
counts of qualitative categories and themes).
Diunduh dari: www.sagepub.com/.../notes/Ch19_Lecture.do... …… 26/10/2012
MMR:
Riset yang menggunakan prosedur –
prosedur pelaksanaan yang lazim
digunakan dalam riset kuantitatif
dan riset kualitatif.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
Tujuan
The purpose of these studies is usually to inform sponsors
about a program they are funding.
The sponsors may want a descriptive study of the program
in which the operations and processes are explained and
clarified.
They may also be interested in an effectiveness study in
which the operations are assessed in relation to
organizational goals and targets.
Diunduh dari:
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METODE-METODE
Masalah-penelitian akan menentukan pilihan desain,
tetapi beberapa metode berikut ini dapat digunakan:
Survei
Kunjungan lokasi.
Wawancara
Observasi
Questionnaires
Data Quantitatif.
Diunduh dari:
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Tiga Tipe Desain
Tiga karaktersitik yang membedakan tipe-tipe MMR:
1. Priooritas diberikan pada pengumpulan data
kuantitatif atau kualitatif.
2. Sekuens pengumpulan data kuantitatif atau
kualitatif
3. Teknik-teknik analisis data yang dipakai adalah
kombinasi analisis data atau analisis data sendirisendiri.
Diunduh dari:
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Tiga tipe Desain yang lazim:
1. Model QUAL-Quan
The exploratory mixed methods design
Qualitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted
2. Model QUAN-Qual
The explanatory mixed methods design
Quantitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted
3. Model QUAN-QUAL
The triangulation mixed methods design
Quantitative and qualitative data are collectedc oncurrently and both
are weighted equally
Diunduh dari:
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10 Karakteristik Desain MM
1. The title of the research includes terms that
suggest more than one method is being used
• Mixed methods
• Integrated
• Triangular
2. Quantitative – qualitative
Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used
in the study
Diunduh dari:
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Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs
3. The researcher describes the kinds of mixed methods being used
4. The data collection section indicates narrative, numerical, or both
types of data are being collected
5. The purpose statement or the research questions indicate the types of
methods being used
6. Questions are stated and described for both quantitative and
qualitative approaches
7. The researcher indicates these quencing of collecting qualitative
and/or quantitative data (i.e., QUAN-Qual, QUAL-Quan, or QUANQUAL)
8. The researcher describes both quantitative and qualitative data
analysis strategies
9. The writing is balanced in terms of quantitative and qualitative
approaches
Diunduh dari:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design
1. Does the study use at least one quantitative and one
qualitative research strategy?
2. What were the research questions addressed?
3. Who are the sponsors of the study and what are their
expectations?
4. Does the study include a rationale for using a mixed
methods design?
5. Does the study include a classification of the type of
mixed methods design?
6. Does the study describe the priority given to quantitative
and qualitative data collection and the sequence of their
use?
Diunduh dari:
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Evaluasi Disain Mixed-Method
1. Was the study feasible given the amount of data to be
collected and concomitant issues of resources, time, and
expertise?
2. Who were the participants in the study? What did the
samples consist of?
3. Does the study clearly identify qualitative and quantitative
data collection techniques?
4. Apa tujuan dan pentingnya riset ini?
Diunduh dari:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012
A mixed method approach allows researchers to simultaneously benefit from both
quantitative and qualitative research methods in the context of one study
addressing a single set of business objectives.
Flow Monitor designs market research studies that take full advantage of the
inherent benefits of both quantitative (e.g., surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus
groups, ethnographic techniques, etc.) research.
The business objectives will greatly determine the appropriate sequence of
methods. The diagrams below illustrate this.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.flowmonitorinc.com/how-we-do-it.html …… 21/9/2012
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21/9/2012
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Mixed methods research is not new but only recently been
systematically described; ‘new era’ of mixed methods research
(Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998)
Different definitions of mixed methods research used by
different researchers
Not simply the ad hoc combination of qualitative and
quantitative methods, it is the planned mixing of methods at a
pre- determined stage of the research (Halcomb et al., 2009)
“mixed methods [is] research which collects both qualitative
and quantitative data in one study and integrates these data at
some stage of the research process” (Halcomb et al., 2009)
Distinction between mixed methods (quant and qual) and multi
method research (uses more than one method from same
tradition) (Bazeley, 2007)
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Increased reflexivity about researcher-researched relationships
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The availability and ease of new technologies to analyse mixed
methods research (e.g. Nvivo, MaxQDA, Atlas.ti)
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International Research Collaboration
Increased political awareness about what and who research is for
Growing formalisation of research governance and ethics
procedures
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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Triangulation - one of the first rationales for using mixed
methods research (Denzin, 1970). Used to test the consistency of
findings through different approaches.
 Complementarity - clarifies and illustrates results from one
method with the use of another method.
 Development - the results of analysis using one method shapes
subsequent methods or steps in the research process.
 Initiation-stimulates new research questions or challenges results
obtained through one method.
 Expansion- provides richness and detail buy building on the
findings of either qualitative or quantitative methods
(Greene et al., 1989)
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Four central questions that inform the design of a mixed methods
study:
1.
2.
3.
4.
In what sequence will the qualitative and quantitative data
collection be implemented?
What relative priority will be given to the qualitative and
quantitative data collection and analysis?
At what stage of the project will the qualitative and
quantitative data be integrated?
Will an overall theoretical perspective be used to guide the
study?
(Creswell, 2003)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Principal Quantitative, Qualitative Preliminary (qual ->
QUANT)
Principal Qualitative, Quantitative Preliminary (quant > QUAL)
Complementary Quantitative, Qualitative Follow-Up
(QUANT -> qual)
Complementary Qualitative, Quantitative Follow-Up
(QUAL -> quant)
(Morse, 1991; Morgan, 1998)
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Interviews/ Focus Groups/ Questionnaires/
Surveys/ Validated Tests and Scales/
Observation
Pertimbangannya:
1. Keseimbangan antara kelebihan dan
kelemahan masiong-masing metode
2. Waktu pengumpulan data
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Qualitative and quantitative data sets analysed separately and
conclusions drawn that incorporate both data sets.
Can be used for the following purposes:
1.
2.
3.
Triangulation
Expansion or Complementarity
Development
Separate analyses may give rise to contradictory or discrepant
results which need to be explained
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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Combining of data types for analysis requires transformation of data
in some form in order to ‘marry’ diverse sources.
Can be done through:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Meta matrices, databases, spread sheets e.g. systematic
reviews
Qualitising numerical data e.g. using scores to provide a
descriptive classification
Counting
Quantitising qualitative data e.g. 0/1 transformation for
absence/presence of code, numerical weighting of codes
(MaxQDA)
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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Combined analysis can be used to:
Merge and compare (e.g. themes can be quantified,
independent t tests and bivariate linear regression
analyses in SPSS)
2. Explore, predict and explain (e.g. case by case variable
matrix, cluster analysis)
3. Blend to created new variable to use in further studies
(Halcomb and Andrew, 2009)
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1.
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‘paradigm wars’, reconciling philosophical assumptions of each
methodological perspective.
Selecting and managing research team with diverse specialities.
Practicalities of data collection and analysis, may make concurrent
analysis difficult
Statistical analysis often relies on large sample sizes which are not
common in qualitative research
Transforming qualitative data into numerical form may lose some of
the richness and nuances in the text
A lack of templates for the writing up and publishing mixed methods
research, sometimes qualitative and quantitative results published
separately
Not all journals publish mixed methods research which may limit
publication opportunities
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Gives researchers an opportunity to creatively rethink
research design and the various different ways they can
be linked to research questions
 Potential to generate new insights and levels of analysis
 Challenges taken for granted assumptions across a wide
range of research methods topics
 Brings together researchers from different backgrounds
and different specialisms and allows them to think
together on a given research problem
(Bergman, 2008)
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