5th Floor Anatomical Drawing Class
Room # 937-939
Introduction
16:30-17:15
Telencephalon The rest of the
brain
14:00-14:45
16:30-17:15
Limbic System
14:00-14:45
Circuits & functional neuroanatomy
16:30-17:15
Brain
Days
Kaan Yücel M.D.,Ph.D.
Learning Objectives
Explain the neuron types and the concepts of axon and dendirite
Explain the concepts of “cortex”, “grey matter” and “white matter”
Explain the parts of the brain
1. What is inside the skull?
Meninges
CSF
Neuron
Cortex
Neuroglia
Grey matter
Axons
White matter
Tracts
Hemispheres
Lobes
Sulcus & gyrus
Arteries & Veins
2. Neuron
100 billion neurons in the
brain share a number of
common features:
Cell body
metabolic center of the
neuron
Dendrites
receives connections from
other neurons.
Axon
transmits information to
other neurons
Presynaptic terminals
2. Neuron
Synapse
terminal region of the axon where one
neuron forms a connection with another
and conveys information through the
process of synaptic transmission.
To communicate with the postsynaptic cell,
the presynaptic neuron needs to release a
chemical messenger.
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Memory
Adrenaline
Dopamine Reward, addiction
Histamine
Noradrenaline
Serotonin Mood
3. Neuroglia
Non-neuronal supporting cells
Macroglia
Microglia
Ependymal cells
4. Cortex - Grey matter
Grey matter
Nerve cells bodies grouped into
large aggregates
Two types of arrangement
1) Arranged in sheaths as in the
cerebral cortex
2) A smaller collection of nerve
cell bodies: nucleus
5. White matter - Tracts
Processes of neurons
Many axons are in a myelin sheathlooks white
Fasciculi
Axons collected into small bundles
Tracts
Certain larger fiber bundles
Funiculi
Large bundles
6. White matter types
Association fibres
 Cingulum
 Fasciculus longitudinales
superior & inferior
 Fasciculus uncinatus
(Uncinate fasciculus)
Commissural fibers L
 Corpus Callosum
 Commissura anterior
R
Projection fibers
 Corona radiata
 Capsula interna
Wakana S, Jiang H, Nagae-Poetscher LM, van Zijl PC, Mori
S. Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter
anatomy. Radiology. 2004;230:77-87.
7. Gyrus & Sulcus & Fissure
Primary sulci
Secondary sulci
Tertiary sulci
Typically continuous sulci
•Interhemispheric fissure
(Longitudinal cerebral fissure)
•Sylvian fissure
(Lateral fissure)
•Parieto-occipital fissure
•Collateral sulcus
•Central sulcus
•Calcarine Sulcus
7. Gyrus & Sulcus & Fissure
SULCI-depressionsDIVIDE THE BRAIN INTO GYRI -elevationsLOBES are MADE UP BY GYRI
8. Parts of the brain
Two hemispheres
Interhemispheric fissure
-Longitudinal cerebral fissureFalx cerebri
Corpus callosum
8. Parts of the brain
FOREBRAIN
HINDBRAIN
Cerebellum+Pons
MIDBRAIN
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Anterior border
Frontal pole
Posterior border
Central sulcus
Inferior border
Slyvian [lateral] fissure
Anterior 1/3 of the cerebral cortex
Anterior border
Central sulcus
Posterior border
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Inferior border
Slyvian [lateral] fissure
Anterior border
Temporal pole
Posterior border
An imaginary line passing
through the parietooccipital sulcus from the
pre-occipital notch
Superior border
Slyvian [lateral] fissure
Anterior border
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Posterior border
Occipital pole
FRONTAL LOBE
Primary motor area
Broca’s area –speech productionHigher cognitive functioning
«executive functions»
Problem solving, decision making, abstract thinking,
reasoning, working memory, etc.
TEMPORAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
Primary auidotory cortex
Wernicke’s area- comphrensionMemory
Mood regulation
Emotinal memory
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Primary sensory areas
Somatosensory function
Visual cortex
Midbrain
9. Meninges
Dura mater (dura): tough, thick external fibrous layer
Arachnoid mater (arachnoid): thin intermediate layer
Pia mater (pia): delicate internal vasculated layer
Dural sections
10. CSF [Cerebrospinal fluid]
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Kaan’s first seminar @ PhD: Telencephalon [in Turkish]