FRENCH
&
INDIAN WAR
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
KING WILLIAM’S WAR, 1689-1697
QUEEN ANNE’S WAR, 1702-1713
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
RESULTS
 BRITAIN GAINS
NOVA SCOTIA
NEWFOUNDLAND
HUDSON’S BAY
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
BACKGROUND

RIVALRY BETWEEN ENGLAND &
FRANCE
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
ENGLISH ADVANTAGES


ENGLISH COLONISTS OUTNUMBER
FRENCH 20-1
ENGLAND CONTROLS THE SEAS
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
OUTBREAK
 MAJOR GEORGE WASHINGTON
ATTACKS FORT DUQUESNE,
1754
George
Washington
by
Peale
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
OUTBREAK
 WASHINGTON IS DEFEATED &
CAPTURED
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
ESCALATION
 BRITISH GENERAL BRADDOCK
ATTACKS FORT DUQUESNE,
1755
 1,500 BRITISH AND COLONIAL
TROOPS ARE DEFEATED BY 850
FRENCH AND INDIANS
 BRADDOCK IS DEFEATED &
KILLED
“Braddock’s Defeat” by Alonzo Chappel
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
WAR IS DECLARED, 1756

BRITISH ARMY CONTINUES TO
LOSE
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

WILLIAM PITT
BECOMES WAR
MINISTER IN
1758 & TURNS
THE TIDE
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

KEY BATTLE
LOUISBURG IS CAPTURED BY THE
BRITISH, 1758
FORT DUQUESNE IS CAPTURED BY
THE BRITISH, 1758
“Washington raises the British flag at
Fort Duquesne.”
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

DECISIVE BATTLE
BRITISH GENERAL WOLFE
DEFEATS FRENCH UNDER GENERAL
MONTCALM AT QUEBEC, 1759
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

TREATY OF PARIS, 1763
END OF FRENCH EMPIRE IN
NORTH AMERICA
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
PROCLAMATION OF 1763

THE INDIAN LEADER PONTIAC
LEADS A REBELLION AGAINST THE
BRITISH COLONISTS IN 1763
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
PROCLAMATION OF 1763

THE BRITISH DEFEAT THE
REBELLION, BUT DO NOT WANT TO
FIGHT ANOTHER WAR
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
PROCLAMATION OF 1763

TO AVOID CONTACT BETWEEN THE
COLONISTS & THE INDIANS, THE
BRITISH ORDER AN END TO ALL
SETTLEMENT WEST OF THE
APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
PROCLAMATION OF 1763
 THE COLONISTS PROTEST
THE PROCLAMATION DEPRIVES
AMERICANS OF LAND
INTERFERES WITH CHARTER
RIGHTS
LAND SPECULATORS
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
STRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF TRADE
LAWS


SELECTION OF GEORGE GRENVILLE
AS MINISTER OF FINANCE
REQUIRED CUSTOMS OFFICERS TO
GO TO AMERICA
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
STRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF TRADE
LAWS


ISSUED WRITS OF ASSISTANCE
TRIALS HELD IN ADMIRALTY
COURTS
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 THE SUGAR ACT, 1764
LOWER RATES THAN THE MOLASSES
ACT, 1733
STRICTER ENFORCEMENT
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 THE STAMP ACT, 1765
DIRECT TAX
FROM ONE CENT TO TEN DOLLARS
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 THE STAMP ACT, 1765
PROTEST
BOYCOTT
NONIMPORTATION
AGREEMENTS
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
THREATS TO COLONIAL SELFGOVERNMENT

10,000 REDCOATS SENT TO AMERICA
FOR OUR “PROTECTION”
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY

REDCOATS
POSTED IN TOWNS, NOT ON
FRONTIER
STRENGTHENED COLONIAL
GOVERNORS
FRIGHTENED LEGISLATURES
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
THREATS TO COLONIAL SELFGOVERNMENT

ROYAL GOVERNORS & OTHER
OFFICIALS TO BE PAID BY THE
BRITISH, NOT BY THE LEGISLATURES
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
DISOBEDIENCE OF BRITISH LAWS
 REVENUE LAWS DISOBEYED;
SMUGGLING CONTINUED

QUARTERING ACT, 1765, DISOBEYED

PROCLAMATION OF 1763 DISOBEYED
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
QUESTION OF REPRESENTATION

PATRICK HENRY, VIRGINIA HOUSE OF
BURGESSES, 1765, “NO TAXATION
WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”
Patrick
Henry
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
QUESTION OF REPRESENTATION
 VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION: HOUSE
OF COMMONS WAS PLEDGED TO
REPRESENT EVERY PERSON IN THE
EMPIRE

AMERICANS BELIEVED IN DIRECT
REPRESENTATION
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS
 DELEGATES FROM NINE COLONIES
SENT DELEGATES TO NEW YORK, 1765

OTHERS SENT MESSAGES OF SUPPORT
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS

ORGANIZED A BOYCOTT OF
BRITISH GOODS
Patriots
burn
stamps in
Boston.
“A Tory
stamp
agent is
strung up
by the seat
of his
pants.”
“Boston’s Sons of Liberty . . . Ransack the house
of Thomas Hutchinson.”
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Sons of Liberty


After assault on Hutchinson’s mansion
Sons of Liberty formed to prevent violence
on that level.
Late 1765 stamp distributors had resigned
or fled
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Elites moved to take over Sons of
Liberty groups
Elites feared the situation was getting
out of hand
Boycott continues / previously colonies
had purchased 40% of all British goods
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Rockingham succeeded Grenville as
Prime Minister
Member of the House of Commons
William Pitt supported the repeal of the
Stamp Act
Stamp Act Repealed March 1766
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Declaratory Act
Affirmed parliamentary power to
legislate for the colonies “in all cases
whatsoever”
Interpreted as in reference to Ireland
(1719) in which Ireland was exempt
from all British Taxes.
Stamp Act ended in fundamental
disagreement.
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Colonists question imperial
relationship
The educated turn to philosophers,
historians and political writers.
(Locke)
Educated and uneducated turn to
religion
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Locke – “Natural Rights”, life, liberty, and
property
-”social contract” – government protects
individual rights
- If government breaks contract people
have right to overturn government
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
“Republicans” – admired a sense of
civic duty
-free people had to avoid moral and
political corruption and practice
disinterested “public virtue”
-elected leaders would command
obedience “more by the virtue of the
people, than by the terror of his
power.
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
“oppositionists” – English political writers
including: John Trenchard, Thomas
Gordon
- Since 1720 prime ministers had exploited
the treasury’s vast resources to provide
pensions, contracts, and profitable offices
to politicians or buy voters
- Most members of Parliament no longer
represented the true interests of their
constituents
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
Protestant clergymen preached sermons to
gain support for the cause “..stand up for
God and liberty.”
-Clergy men had an enormous influence on
the people
-Far more people heard sermons than read
the paper
-Community leader proclaimed days of
fasting and public humiliation
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
August 1767 – George III dismissed
Rockingham and placed William Pitt as
Prime Minister.
Pitt was against taxing the colonies, but
was in poor health
Leadership passed to Chancellor of the
Exchequer (treasurer) Charles
Townshend
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
1765 Conflict in New York





Quartering Act requires payment of some of
the needs of British soldiers by local
colonists
Candles, window panes, mattress straw,
polish, and small liquor ration
Reinforced the presence of the British Army
Seen as tyranny
George III threatened to nullify all colonial
laws in NY if they did not comply (pay)
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
House of Commons (landed gentry) cut own
taxes 25%
Townshend proposes laws to increase
colonial revenue
Use oversight in their arguments against the
Stamp Act (no internal taxes)

THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, 1767
IMPORT DUTIES ON TEA, PAPER,
GLASS, & PAINT
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
Townshend did not heed
Greenville’s warning
Colonists opposed taxes because
they taxed only to gain revenue
 Not to regulate trade

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
Townshend’s 2nd motive
Produce revenue to pay royal
governors
 Freeing governors from colonial
legislative control
 The Revenue Act would tip the
balance of power to royal control

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
Reaction to Townhend Act
Weak until Dickenson publishes
 “Letters from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania”

Legality of an external tax depends
on its intent (arguments similar to
Stamp Act and Revenue Act)
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
Reaction to Townhend Act &
Revenue Act

Samuel Adams drafts a “circular
letter”
Condemning both taxation w/out
representation and the threat to selfgovernance posed by Parliament’s
making governors and other royal
officials financially independent of
colonial legislature.
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
Reaction to Townhend Act & Revenue
Act
 Samuel Adams’ letters were
perceived by the British as rebellion
 Hillsborough demanded the letters be
disowned
 “Save your money and Save your
country!”
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
THE BOSTON MASSACRE
 MARCH 5, 1770
The
Boston
Massacre
by
Paul
Revere
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 ALL THE TOWNSHEND ACT TAXES
REPEALED IN APRIL 1770, ONE
MONTH AFTER THE BOSTON
MASSACRE, EXCEPT THE TEA TAX

THE PRIME MINISTER, LORD NORTH,
KEPT THE TAX ON TEA TO
DEMONSTRATE PARLIAMENT’S
“RIGHT TO GOVERN THE COLONIES”
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
Non-importation agreement movement
collapses – July 1770
 Colonists continue boycott of British tea
 Revenue from tea limited to 1/6 the level
originally expected
 Far to little revenue to pay Royal
Governors
 Smuggling charges against Hancock were
finally dropped

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES

Committees of Correspondence, 1772-1773
 Intention of North to free Royal Governors of
legislative domination as a fundamental threat
to representative government
 Samuel Adams persuades every Mass.
Community to appoint persons to be
responsible for exchanging information and
coordinating measures to defend colonial
rights
 260 towns
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 Committees of Correspondence,
1772-1773
March 1773 Patrick Henry, Thomas
Jefferson, and Richard Henry Lee
(Virginia)
1774 a communication web linked
colonial leaders for the first time since
1766
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 Backcountry Tensions
Proclamation of 1763
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768)
Lord Dunmore’s War
Battle of Alamance Creek May 16, 1771
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 Tea Act of 1773
1773 tons of British East India Co. tea
rotting in warehouses
Bankruptcy near – Lord North tries to
save co.
Tea Act removed all remaining import
duties on tea entering England
Tea could be sold directly to consumers
(not through wholesalers)
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
NEW TAXES
 Tea Act of 1773
Colonists saw the Act as a threat to
liberty
The money from the tea would pay
Royal Governors
Tried to pressure the co. agents to
refuse acceptance of the tea or by
interfering with the ships at sea
No landing- “Committee for Tarring and
Feathering” gave warnings to ships
ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY
THE BOSTON TEA PARTY
 DECEMBER 16, 1773
The Boston Tea Party
Toward Independence
James Somerset -1772 –court decision
in England



Mass. Slave taken to England by master
sued for freedom and won
Lord Chief Justice William Mansfield ruled
that Parliament had never explicitly
established slavery
1775 – Virginia’s governor, Lord Dunmore,
 Freedom to any slave enlisted for England
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
PARLIAMENT PASSES THE
COERCIVE ACTS

INTENDED TO PUNISH
MASSACHUSETTS FOR THE
BOSTON TEA PARTY
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
PARLIAMENT PASSES THE
COERCIVE ACTS

Boston Port Bill – April 1, 1774
Close port unless tea is paid for
Mass. Gov’t Act – reconstructed the
gov’t to make it less democratic
 Murder Act
 Quartering Act

FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
PARLIAMENT PASSES THE COERCIVE
ACTS
Quebec Act – intended to cement loyalty
to Britain among conquered French –
Canadian Catholics
 Established Roman Catholicism As official
religion in Quebec
 Disputes settled in French law – no juries
 Land in the Ohio River and west to
Mississippi

FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
COERCIVE ACTS

GIVE THE 13 COLONIES A
REASON TO UNITE
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
COLONIES SEND 56 DELEGATES
TO THE FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS IN PHILADELPHIA,
1774
ONLY GEORGIA IS NOT
REPRESENTED
George Washington,
Richard Henry Lee and
Patrick Henry
by
Clyde Deland
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS

PETITIONS KING FOR RELIEF
FROM THE COERCIVE
(INTOLERABLE) ACTS
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
Suffolk Resolves – vows no obedience
to any of the Coercive Acts, provisional
government should collect all taxes
until the former Mass charter was
restored, and defensive action should
be taken in the event of attack by Br.
 VOWS BOYCOTT UNTIL COERCIVE
ACTS ARE REPEALED
 Enforced by local groups
“observation” and “safety”
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS

PASSES DECLARATION OF
RIGHTS & GRIEVANCES
FIRST CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS

By the spring of 1775 colonial
patriots had established
provincial “congresses” that
paralleled existing colonial
assemblies headed by Royal
Governors
THE FINAL BREAK
THE FINAL BREAK
COLONIES ORGANIZE MILITARILY
 IN NEW ENGLAND, “MINUTEMEN”
TRAIN

IN THE SOUTH, PLANTERS
RECRUIT & EQUIP SOLDIERS
The militia is called to duty.
LEXINGTON
THE FINAL BREAK
LEXINGTON

BRITISH ARMY UNDER GENERAL
THOMAS GAGE OCCUPIES
BOSTON, 1774
THE FINAL BREAK
LEXINGTON

700 BRITISH SOLDIERS MARCH
TO DESTROY COLONISTS’
MILITARY SUPPLIES, APRIL 19,
1775
THE FINAL BREAK
LEXINGTON

SONS OF LIBERTY SEND PAUL
REVERE, WILLIAM DAWES, &
SAMUEL PRESCOTT TO ALERT
MINUTEMEN
THE FINAL BREAK
LEXINGTON

70 MINUTEMEN ASSEMBLE AT
LEXINGTON
THE FINAL BREAK
LEXINGTON

COLONISTS ARE ORDERED TO
DISPERSE
THE FINAL BREAK
LEXINGTON

GUNFIRE BREAKS OUT;
COLONISTS FLEE
CONCORD
THE FINAL BREAK
CONCORD
 BRITISH MARCH TO CONCORD &
BURN FEW REMAINING SUPPLIES


BRITISH BEGIN RETURN MARCH TO
BOSTON
MINUTEMEN AMBUSH BRITISH
THE FINAL BREAK
CONCORD


BRITISH BRIGADE RESCUES
ORIGINAL BRITISH COLUMN
250 BRITISH & 100 AMERICANS
KILLED OR WOUNDED
THE FINAL BREAK
COLONISTS MOBILIZE AND THEN
MARCH ON & BESIEGE BOSTON
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
THE FINAL BREAK
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

BRITISH LAUNCH FRONTAL
ATTACK ON AMERICAN
POSITION ON BREED’S HILL,
JUNE 17, 1775
THE FINAL BREAK
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

AMERICANS DEFEAT TWO
ATTACKS, BUT RUN OUT OF
AMMUNITION
THE FINAL BREAK
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

BRITISH SUFFER 40 PERCENT
CASUALTIES
THE FINAL BREAK
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL

AMERICAN MORAL VICTORY
The Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
The Olive Branch Petition

Presented three demands:
 A cease-fire at Boston
 Repeal of the Coercive Acts
 Negotiations to establish guarantees of
American rights

News of Breed’s and Bunker Hill reached
London with the Petition
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
POLITICAL ACTIONS
 MEETS IN PHILADELPHIA, MAY 10,
1775

ASSUMES POWERS OF A
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
MILITARY ACTIONS
 VOTES TO ASK THE COLONIES FOR
SUPPLIES & TROOPS

GEORGE WASHINGTON OF
VIRGINIA CHOSEN AS COMMANDER
IN CHIEF
“George
Washington
on a White
Charger”
SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS
AMERICAN REVOLUTION BEGINS